Table 1.
Characteristics of Current Users of ACE‐Is or ARBs and CCBs Admitted With Influenza or Pneumonia, Overall and After PS‐Weighting
| Overall Cohort | PS‐Weighted Cohort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Current ACE‐I/ARB Use, N (%) |
Current CCB Use, N (%) |
SD |
Current ACE‐I/ARB Use, N (%) |
Current CCB Use*, N (%) |
SD | |
| No. of patients | 100 278 (72.5) | 37 961 (27.5) | 100 278 (50.2) | 99 625 (49.8) | ||
| Age, median (Q1–Q3), y | 76.9 (68.5–83.9) | 78.8 (70.2–85.8) | 0.21 | 76.9 (68.5–83.9) | 77.5 (69.1–84.3) | 0.07 |
| Male | 53 833 (53.7) | 18 500 (48.7) | 0.14 | 53 833 (53.7) | 51 740 (51.9) | 0.05 |
| Coexisting conditions (within prior 10 y) | ||||||
| Hospital‐diagnosed hypertension | 51 716 (51.6) | 21 587 (56.9) | 0.15 | 51 716 (51.6) | 54 522 (54.7) | 0.09 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 13 449 (13.4) | 3335 (8.8) | 0.21 | 13 449 (13.4) | 13 416 (13.5) | 0.00 |
| Diagnosis of stable angina pectoris | 18 861 (18.8) | 6440 (17.0) | 0.07 | 18 861 (18.8) | 18 714 (18.8) | 0.00 |
| Heart failure | 26 518 (26.4) | 4330 (11.4) | 0.55 | 26 518 (26.4) | 26 546 (26.6) | 0.01 |
| Stroke | 14 843 (14.8) | 6323 (16.7) | 0.07 | 14 843 (14.8) | 15 759 (15.8) | 0.04 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 25 816 (25.7) | 6925 (18.2) | 0.26 | 25 816 (25.7) | 26 164 (26.3) | 0.02 |
| Heart valve disease | 9678 (9.7) | 3329 (8.8) | 0.04 | 9678 (9.7) | 9991 (10.0) | 0.02 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 5381 (5.4) | 1965 (5.2) | 0.01 | 5381 (5.4) | 5710 (5.7) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29 098 (29.0) | 8036 (21.2) | 0.26 | 29 098 (29.0) | 30 230 (30.3) | 0.04 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 30 900 (30.8) | 11 396 (30.0) | 0.02 | 30 900 (30.8) | 31 262 (31.4) | 0.02 |
| Renal disease | 9404 (9.4) | 5708 (15.0) | 0.25 | 9404 (9.4) | 10 275 (10.3) | 0.04 |
| End‐stage renal disease | 1417 (1.4) | 1610 (4.2) | 0.24 | 1417 (1.4) | 1574 (1.6) | 0.02 |
| Liver disease | 1681 (1.7) | 759 (2.0) | 0.03 | 1681 (1.7) | 1696 (1.7) | 0.00 |
| Dementia | 5735 (5.7) | 2716 (7.2) | 0.08 | 5735 (5.7) | 5901 (5.9) | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 18 573 (18.5) | 7784 (20.5) | 0.07 | 18 573 (18.5) | 18 288 (18.4) | 0.01 |
| Metastatic cancer | 2834 (2.8) | 1312 (3.5) | 0.05 | 2834 (2.8) | 2726 (2.7) | 0.01 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 6523 (6.5) | 2824 (7.4) | 0.05 | 6523 (6.5) | 6777 (6.8) | 0.02 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue disease | 6562 (6.5) | 2697 (7.1) | 0.03 | 6562 (6.5) | 6595 (6.6) | 0.00 |
| Comedication (prescription within 90 d) | ||||||
| Total number of antihypertensive drugs† | ||||||
| 1 | 41 998 (41.9) | 21 008 (55.3) | 0.38 | 41 998 (41.9) | 42 571 (42.7) | 0.02 |
| 2 | 48 637 (48.5) | 14 472 (38.1) | 0.30 | 48 637 (48.5) | 47 098 (47.3) | 0.03 |
| 3 | 9352 (9.3) | 2421 (6.4) | 0.16 | 9352 (9.3) | 9618 (9.7) | 0.02 |
| 4 | 291 (0.3) | 60 (0.2) | 0.04 | 291 (0.3) | 339 (0.3) | 0.01 |
| Thiazides | 30 954 (30.9) | 6788 (17.9) | 0.43 | 30 954 (30.9) | 32 095 (32.2) | 0.04 |
| β Blockers | 35 525 (35.4) | 11 735 (30.9) | 0.14 | 35 525 (35.4) | 33 406 (33.5) | 0.06 |
| Other antihypertensive drugs | 1735 (1.7) | 971 (2.6) | 0.08 | 1735 (1.7) | 1849 (1.9) | 0.01 |
| Statins | 37 363 (37.3) | 11 547 (30.4) | 0.21 | 37 363 (37.3) | 37 279 (37.4) | 0.00 |
| Aspirin | 34 140 (34.0) | 12 295 (32.4) | 0.05 | 34 140 (34.0) | 34 304 (34.4) | 0.01 |
| Loop diuretics | 34 667 (34.6) | 11 574 (30.5) | 0.12 | 34 667 (34.6) | 35 103 (35.2) | 0.02 |
| Immunosuppressants | 1359 (1.4) | 521 (1.4) | 0.00 | 1359 (1.4) | 1279 (1.3) | 0.01 |
| Glucocorticoids | 15 050 (15.0) | 6081 (16.0) | 0.04 | 15 050 (15.0) | 15 310 (15.4) | 0.01 |
| NSAIDs | 12 334 (12.3) | 4653 (12.3) | 0.00 | 12 334 (12.3) | 12 231 (12.3) | 0.00 |
| Opioids | 27 563 (27.5) | 11 423 (30.1) | 0.08 | 27 563 (27.5) | 28 122 (28.2) | 0.02 |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 12 164 (12.1) | 2863 (7.5) | 0.22 | 12 164 (12.1) | 11 842 (11.9) | 0.01 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 30 277 (30.2) | 12 954 (34.1) | 0.12 | 30 277 (30.2) | 30 906 (31.0) | 0.03 |
| Antidepressants | 22 736 (22.7) | 9793 (25.8) | 0.10 | 22 736 (22.7) | 23 337 (23.4) | 0.03 |
| Hypnotics/sedatives | 15 720 (15.7) | 6517 (17.2) | 0.06 | 15 720 (15.7) | 15 976 (16.0) | 0.01 |
| Antipsychotics | 5508 (5.5) | 2551 (6.7) | 0.07 | 5508 (5.5) | 5433 (5.5) | 0.00 |
| Antibiotics (prescription within 10 d) | 26 448 (26.4) | 9973 (26.3) | 0.00 | 26 448 (26.4) | 26 235 (26.3) | 0.00 |
| Antivirals (prescription within 10 d) | 226 (0.2) | 84 (0.2) | 0.00 | 226 (0.2) | 194 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| Lifestyle and social factors | ||||||
| Markers of smoking | 52 541 (52.4) | 19 033 (50.1) | 0.06 | 52 541 (52.4) | 52 447 (52.6) | 0.01 |
| Obesity | 10 262 (10.2) | 2719 (7.2) | 0.15 | 10 262 (10.2) | 10 785 (10.8) | 0.03 |
| Alcoholism | 6107 (6.1) | 2381 (6.3) | 0.01 | 6107 (6.1) | 5925 (5.9) | 0.01 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Widow | 31 850 (31.8) | 13 837 (36.5) | 0.14 | 31 850 (31.8) | 33 295 (33.4) | 0.05 |
| Divorced | 14 243 (14.2) | 5368 (14.1) | 0.00 | 14 243 (14.2) | 14 118 (14.2) | 0.00 |
| Married | 46 171 (46.0) | 15 841 (41.7) | 0.12 | 46 171 (46.0) | 44 607 (44.8) | 0.04 |
| Unmarried | 8014 (8.0) | 2915 (7.7) | 0.02 | 8014 (8.0) | 7604 (7.6) | 0.02 |
| Urban residence | 34 592 (34.5) | 12 629 (33.3) | 0.04 | 34 592 (34.5) | 34 848 (35.0) | 0.01 |
ACE‐Is indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; PS, propensity score; and SD, standardized difference.
a
Pseudopopulation of current CCB users weighted to the PS distribution of current ACE‐I/ARB users.
b
Number of antihypertensive drugs including the exposure of interest (ACE‐Is/ARBs or CCBs, thiazides, β blockers, and other (range from 1 to 4 because patients using both ACE‐I/ARBs and CCBs are not included).