Table 2.
Outcomes in Current Users of ACE‐Is or ARBs Compared With CCBs, Adjusted by PS‐Weighting and Stratified by Influenza and Pneumonia With Bacterial or Unspecified Pathogen
| Population | Event | ACE‐Is/ARBs | CCBs |
Risk Difference* % (95% CI) vs CCBs |
Risk Ratio* (95% CI) vs CCBs |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events/at Risk | Risk % | Events/at Risk* | Risk* % | ||||
| Any influenza or pneumonia | 30‐d mortality | 13 940/100 278 | 13.9% | 14 412/99 625 | 14.5% | −0.6 (−1.0 to −0.1) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) |
| ICU admission | 7993/100 278 | 8.0% | 9558/99 625 | 9.6% | −1.6 (−2.0 to −1.2) | 0.83 (0.80–0.87) | |
| ICU+MV | 4218/100 278 | 4.2% | 5196/99 625 | 5.2% | −1.0 (−1.3 to −0.7) | 0.81 (0.76–0.86) | |
| ICU+NIV | 3039/100 278 | 3.0% | 4132/99 625 | 4.1% | −1.1 (−1.4 to −0.8) | 0.73 (0.68–0.79) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 3825/100 278 | 3.8% | 3877/99 625 | 3.9% | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | |
| D‐AKI | 965/98 861 | 1.0% | 1296/98 534 | 1.3% | −0.3 (−0.5 to −0.1) | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | |
| Influenza | 30‐d mortality | 82/1565 | 5.2% | 60/1516 | 3.9% | 1.3 (−1.2 to 3.8) | 1.33 (0.69–2.55) |
| ICU admission | 129/1565 | 8.2% | 146/1516 | 9.6% | −1.4 (−5.7 to 3.0) | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | |
| ICU+MV | 70/1565 | 4.5% | 70/1516 | 4.6% | −0.2 (−2.9 to 2.6) | 0.96 (0.52–1.80) | |
| ICU+NIV | 63/1565 | 4.0% | 55/1516 | 3.6% | 0.4 (−1.6 to 2.3) | 1.11 (0.65–1.88) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 61/1565 | 3.9% | 55/1516 | 3.6% | 0.3 (−2.4 to 2.9) | 1.07 (0.51–2.25) | |
| D‐AKI | 15/1514 | 1.0% | <5/1504 | 0.3% | 0.7 (0.1–1.3) | 3.40 (0.96–12.02) | |
| Pneumonia with bacterial or unspecified pathogen† | 30‐d mortality | 13 140/93 193 | 14.1% | 13 572/92 542 | 14.7% | −0.6 (−1.1 to −0.0) | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) |
| ICU admission | 7456/93 193 | 8.0% | 8912/92 542 | 9.6% | −1.6 (−2.1 to −1.2) | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) | |
| ICU+MV | 3918/93 193 | 4.2% | 4788/92 542 | 5.2% | −1.0 (−1.3 to −0.7) | 0.81 (0.76–0.87) | |
| ICU+NIV | 2839/93 193 | 3.0% | 3890/92 542 | 4.2% | −1.2 (−1.5 to −0.9) | 0.72 (0.67–0.78) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 3567/93 193 | 3.8% | 3587/92 542 | 3.9% | −0.0 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | |
| D‐AKI | 886/91 899 | 1.0% | 1185/91 538 | 1.3% | −0.3 (−0.5 to −0.2) | 0.74 (0.65–0.86) | |
ACE‐Is indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; D‐AKI, dialysis‐treated acute kidney injury; ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; and PS, propensity score.
a
Pseudopopulation of current CCB users weighted to the PS distribution of current ACE‐I/ARB users.
b
Not including viral pneumonia and influenza without proven influenza virus.