Table 3.
Crude Outcomes in Current Users of ACE‐Is or ARBs Compared With CCBs, Overall and Stratified by Influenza and Pneumonia With Bacterial or Unspecified Pathogen
| Population | Event | ACE‐Is/ARBs | CCBs |
Risk Difference* % (95% CI) vs CCBs |
Risk Ratio* (95% CI) vs CCBs |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events/At Risk | Risk % | Events/At Risk* | Risk* % | ||||
| Any influenza or pneumonia | 30‐d mortality | 13 940/100 278 | 13.9 | 6016/37 961 | 15.8 | −1.9 (−2.4 to −1.5) | 0.88 (0.85–0.90) |
| ICU admission | 7993/100 278 | 8.0 | 3321/37 961 | 8.7 | −0.8 (−1.1 to −0.5) | 0.91 (0.88–0.94) | |
| ICU+MV | 4218/100 278 | 4.2 | 1753/37 961 | 4.6 | −0.4 (−0.6 to −0.2) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | |
| ICU+NIV | 3039/100 278 | 3.0 | 1468/37 961 | 3.9 | −0.8 (−1.0 to −0.6) | 0.78 (0.74–0.83) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 3825/100 278 | 3.8 | 1322/37 961 | 3.5 | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | |
| D‐AKI | 965/98 861 | 1.0 | 438/36 351 | 1.2 | −0.2 (−0.4 to −0.1) | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | |
| Influenza | 30‐d mortality | 82/1565 | 5.2 | 25/526 | 4.8 | 0.5 (−1.6 to 2.5) | 1.10 (0.71–1.71) |
| ICU admission | 129/1565 | 8.2 | 44/526 | 8.4 | −0.1 (−2.8 to 2.6) | 0.99 (0.70–1.38) | |
| ICU+MV | 70/1565 | 4.5 | 24/526 | 4.6 | −0.1 (−2.1 to 1.9) | 0.98 (0.62–1.56) | |
| ICU+NIV | 63/1565 | 4.0 | 28/526 | 5.3 | −1.3 (−3.5 to 0.9) | 0.76 (0.47–1.21) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 61/1565 | 3.9 | 20/526 | 3.8 | 0.1 (−1.8 to 2.0) | 1.03 (0.62–1.69) | |
| D‐AKI | 15/1514 | 1.0 | <5/449 | 0.7 | 0.3 (−0.5 to 1.2) | 1.48 (0.45–4.84) | |
| Pneumonia with bacterial or unspecified pathogen | 30‐d mortality | 13 140/93 193 | 14.1 | 5683/35 426 | 16.0 | −1.9 (−2.4 to −1.5) | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) |
| ICU admission | 7456/93 193 | 8.0 | 3123/35 426 | 8.8 | −0.8 (−1.2 to −0.5) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | |
| ICU+MV | 3918/93 193 | 4.2 | 1640/35 426 | 4.6 | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.2) | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | |
| ICU+NIV | 2839/93 193 | 3.0 | 1389/35 426 | 3.9 | −0.9 (−1.1 to −0.7) | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 3567/93 193 | 3.8 | 1240/35 426 | 3.5 | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | |
| D‐AKI | 886/91 899 | 1.0 | 407/33 983 | 1.2 | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.1) | 0.80 (0.73–0.89) | |
ACE‐Is indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; D‐AKI, dialysis‐treated acute kidney injury; ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; and PS, propensity score.
a
Pseudopopulation of current CCB users weighted to the PS distribution of current ACE‐I/ARB users.