Table 6.
Crude Outcomes in Current Versus Nonusers of ACE‐Is or ARBs, Overall and Stratified by Influenza and Pneumonia With Bacterial or Unspecified Pathogen
| Population | Event | ACE‐I/ARB use | Nonuse | Risk Difference % (95% CI) vs Nonuse | Risk Ratio (95% CI) vs Nonuse | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events/At Risk | Risk % | Events/At risk† | Risk† % | ||||
| Any influenza or pneumonia | 30‐d mortality | 18 017/133 433 | 13.5 | 51 229/388 790 | 13.2 | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
| ICU admission | 11 225/133 433 | 8.4 | 27 668/388 790 | 7.1 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.18 (1.16–1.21) | |
| ICU+MV | 5965/133 433 | 4.5 | 15 300/388 790 | 3.9 | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | |
| ICU+NIV | 4424/133 433 | 3.3 | 10 224/388 790 | 2.6 | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 1.26 (1.22–1.31) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 5352/133 433 | 4.0 | 11 547/388 790 | 3.0 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.35 (1.31–1.40) | |
| D‐AKI | 1455/130 875 | 1.1 | 2561/383 925 | 0.7 | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 1.67 (1.55–1.79) | |
| Influenza | 30‐d mortality | 110/2110 | 5.2 | 296/6581 | 4.5 | 0.7 (−0.5 to 1.9) | 1.16 (0.92–1.45) |
| ICU admission | 191/2110 | 9.1 | 497/6581 | 7.6 | 1.5 (0.0–3.0) | 1.20 (1.01–1.42) | |
| ICU+MV | 118/2110 | 5.6 | 336/6581 | 5.1 | 0.5 (−0.7 to 1.7) | 1.10 (0.88–1.36) | |
| ICU+NIV | 94/2110 | 4.5 | 228/6581 | 3.5 | 1.0 (−0.0 to 2.0) | 1.29 (1.01–1.64) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 103/2110 | 4.9 | 282/6581 | 4.3 | 0.6 (−0.5 to 1.6) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | |
| D‐AKI | 22/2014 | 1.1 | 78/6386 | 1.2 | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.4) | 0.89 (0.58–1.38) | |
| Pneumonia with bacterial or unspecified pathogen | 30‐d mortality | 16 979/124 054 | 13.7 | 48 206/351 722 | 13.7 | −0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| ICU admission | 10 482/124 054 | 8.4 | 25 667/351 722 | 7.3 | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.16 (1.13–1.18) | |
| ICU+MV | 5529/124 054 | 4.5 | 14 056/351 722 | 4.0 | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 1.12 (1.08–1.15) | |
| ICU+NIV | 4151/124 054 | 3.3 | 9518/351 722 | 2.7 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 1.24 (1.19–1.28) | |
| ICU+inotropes/vasopressors | 4973/124 054 | 4.0 | 10 632/351 722 | 3.0 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.33 (1.28–1.37) | |
| D‐AKI | 1343/121 749 | 1.1 | 2320/347 374 | 0.7 | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 1.65 (1.54–1.77) | |
ACE‐Is indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; D‐AKI, dialysis‐treated acute kidney injury; ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; and NIV, noninvasive ventilation.