Table 4.
GDF15, NT‐proBNP, and MRI Markers of Structural Brain Injury
| Biomarker | TBV, % | Hippocampal Volume, % | WMHV, %* | Covert Brain Infarcts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β±SE | P Value | β±SE | P Value | β±SE | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| GDF15 | ||||||||
| Per SDU increase† | −0.38±0.06 | <0.001 | −0.003±0.002 | 0.046 | 0.07±0.03 | 0.02 | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) | 0.23 |
| T2 vs T1 | 0.05±0.10 | 0.61 | 0.002±0.002 | 0.55 | −0.03±0.05 | 0.60 | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 0.53 |
| T3 vs T1 | −0.40±0.11 | <0.001 | −0.002±0.003 | 0.59 | 0.12±0.05 | 0.02 | 1.05 (0.70–1.56) | 0.62 |
| NT‐proBNP | ||||||||
| Per SDU increase† | −0.03±0.05 | 0.51 | 0.0001±0.001 | 0.92 | 0.05±0.02 | 0.048 | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 0.39 |
| T2 vs T1 | 0.11±0.10 | 0.30 | −0.0003±0.003 | 0.90 | 0.02±0.05 | 0.70 | 1.32 (0.90–1.92) | 0.18 |
| T3 vs T1 | −0.11±0.11 | 0.29 | −0.001±0.003 | 0.82 | 0.10±0.05 | 0.045 | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 0.91 |
Model, adjusted for age, age squared, sex, time from blood draw to MRI brain, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, body mass index, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, prevalent diabetes mellitus, and prevalent cardiovascular disease. GDF15 indicates growth differentiation factor 15; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; OR, odds ratio; SDU, SD unit; T1, tertile 1; T2, tertile 2; T3, tertile 3; TBV, total brain volume; and WMHV, white matter hyperintensity volume.
*
Natural log transformed.
†
Natural log transformed and standardized.