Figure 7. Schematic of TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) signaling and signaling through extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions to influence cytokine secretion.

Cytokines that changed with TGFβ signaling vs ECM stiffness sensing are listed, and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), secreted by TGFβ‐activated myofibroblasts, caused hypertrophy. GM‐CSF indicates granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; IGFBP, insulin growth factor binding protein; OPN, osteopontin; OPG, osteoprotegerin; WISP‐1, Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1; and CCL, Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand.