. 2020 Dec 22;18(1):7. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010007

Table 1.

The effect of mycorrhizae on plant uptake, leaching and soil P from studies carried out under different experimental conditions and with different objectives. Underscored show the physical quantity measured.

Study Context	Study Conditions	Phosphorus Quantity Measured	% Change with Mycorrhiza ^#	Location	Ref. #
Crop uptake	Agro ecosystem Triticum aestivum, AMF	Phosphorus use efficiency	+85–102%	Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, India	[22]
Growth of native grasses	Field ecosystem and pots in greenhouse, Stipa pulchra Avena barbata, fungicide/no fungicide ^***	Shoot P concentration [mg/g]		San Diego CA, USA	[49]
		Field
		S. pulchra,	+22%
		A. barbata	+68%
		Greenhouse
		Shoot P concentration
		S. pulchra	+1.6%
		A. barbata	−11.8%
		Root concentration
		S. pulchra	+24%
		A. barbata	−15%
Mulch Experiment	Pots, greenhouse Trifolium repens Zea Mays Fungicide/no fungicide ^***	Plant P concentrations (%)		Morioka, Japan	[51]
		No Mulch	+28%
		Living Mulch	+135%
		Plant P (mg P/plant)
		No mulch	+17%
		Living mulch	+709%
Crop uptake	Pots, AMF, Allium fistolosum	Plant P concentration [mg/g]	+194%	Haguromachi, Japan	[82]
Crop uptake	Pots, AMF, Allium fistolosum	Plant uptake [mg P/pot]	+1525%	Haguromachi, Japan	[82]
Effect of mycorrhizosphere bacteria on plant uptake	Pots, corn (Zea Mays), AMF	P plant uptake [mg P/pot]		Denmark	[83]
		Shoots	+168%
		Roots	+234%
Effect of sewage sludge P on plant uptake	Pot, greenhouse Glycine max AMF	Shoot biomass P [mg/shoot]		Ohio, USA	[99]
		No P addition	+144%
		150 mg P/kg addition	+125%
		270 mg P/kg addition	−0.8%
		420 mg P/kg addition	−16.9%
Effect of AMF on P leaching	Packed columns, greenhouse, Trifolium subterraneum AMF	Leachate P [mg]		South Australia	[100]
		without added P	−60%
		with added P.	0%
		Plant P [mg]
		without added P	+251%
		with added P	−23%
Effect of mycorrhizae on crop uptake and extractable soil P	Pot, greenhouse, corn (Zea Mays), AMF	Plant uptake (mg P/plant)		Quebec Canada	[101]
		Hybrid
		P3979	+8.4%
		LRS	+19.1%
		LNS	+19.8%
		Mehlich 3 extractable Soil P Concentration [mg/kg]
		Hybrids, no P fertilizer
		P3979	−5.1%
		LRS	−14.4%
		LNS	−10.5%
		Mehlich 3 extractable Soil P Concentration [mg/kg],
		Hybrids, P fertilizer applied	ns
Leaching mitigation	Pots, greenhouses, Phalaris aquatic, AMF	Shoot P content (mg)	+150%	Southeastern Australia	[112]
Leaching mitigation	Pots, greenhouses, Phalaris aquatic, AMF	Root P content (mg)	+168%	Southeastern Australia	[112]
Spatial differences in P uptake between AMF species	Pots, Medicago trunculata, AMF	Plant P concentrations		Roskilde, Denmark	[113]
		Glomus caledonium
		Shoot
		35 days	+39%
		49 days	−17%
		Roots
		35 days	+61%
		49 days	+10%
		Scutetllospora calosporia
		Shoot
		35 days	+39%
		49 days	−12%
		Roots
		35 days	+84%
		49 days	+40%
Differential effect of AMF species	Pots, Medicago tranculata, AMF ^##	P uptake [mg/plant]		Mallala, South Australia	[114]
		*Glomus mossae*
		4 weeks	+1425%
		8 weeks	+314%
		*Glomus claroideum*
		4 weeks	+625%
		8 weeks	+193%
		Glomus intraradices
		4 weeks	+925%
		8 weeks	+357%
P losses from field	Microcosms Orya sativa L AMF	Leachate [kg P/ha] ^###		Jiangsu, China	[119]
		Particulate P	−11.1%
		Dissolved Organic P	−14.4%
		SRP (PO₄) ^*	−81%
		Runoff [kg P/ha]
		Particulate P	−11.1%
		Dissolved Organic P	−4.95%
		SRP (PO₄) ^*	−11%
Nutrient cycling in presence of mycorrhizae	Microcosms, Heath and Pasture communities, AMF	P in leachate [mg] ^###		Switzerland	[120]
		Pasture
		Added NH₄	−14.2%
		Added NO₃	−38.5%
		Heath
		Added NH₄	−68.4%
		Added NO₃	−63.4%
Leaching from grasslands	Mesocosms, grassland, AMF	Reduction in leaching			[121]
		Low nutrient availability	~ 60%
		High nutrient availability	ns
Climate Change Resilience	Mesocosms, grassland communities, AMF	Leachate P [ug] ^###		The Netherlands	[122]
		Moderate rain	−149%
		High rain	−58%
Crop Uptake	Pots, Allium fistulosum (Welsh Onion) AMF	Shoot concentration	+88%	Tozawa, Japan	[127]
Crop uptake	Agroecosystem Zea Mays AMF	Plant P [mg/plant] ^**		Quebec, Canada	[128]
		Year 1 Sample days
		22	+26.5%
		48	+46.5%
		72	+18.7
		Year 2 Sample days
		22	+19.4%
		48	+14.2%
		72	+41.8%
Nutrient Leaching	Laboratory mesocosms. Lolium multiflorum, Trifolium pratense, sterilized soils AMF	Leachate Loss SRP [mg]		Zürich, Switzerland	[129]
		Lolium multiflora
		Claroideoglomus claroideum	+14.2%
		Funnelformis mosseae	−19.5%
		Rhizoglomus irregular	+45.0%
		Trifolium pretense
		Claroideoglomus claroideum	ns
		Funnelformis mosseae	ns
		Rhizoglomus irregular	ns
		Unreactive P
		Lolium multiflora
		Claroideoglomus claroideum	−10.8%
		Funnelformis mosseae	+3.9%
		Rhizoglomus irregular	ns
		Trifolium pratense
		Claroideoglomus claroideum	+29.9%
		Funnelformis mosseae	+19.1%
		Rhizoglomus irregular	+62.4%
Vegetative buffers	Pot, Salix, Populus AMF	P stem content	+33%	Southern Quebec, Canada	[162]
Bioretention	Field mesocosms, Carex stipata, AMF/ECM commercial mix	Leachate mass rate (mg/hour) ^###	−34%	Portland, Oregon, USA	[169]
Crop uptake	Microcosms, Orya sativa L. AMF	Plant P concentrations {mg/g] ^###		Sweden	[171]
		First growth stage
		Leaf	ns
		Stem	+66%
		Continuous flooding
		No flooding	−19%

ns = no significant difference; calculation of % change = (treatment − control)/control; ## also used leeks, but P uptake was 0, leaving the % change undefined; ### digitized from graphs using Image J (NIH, Bethesda, Maryland); ++ only the effect of AMF considered; * % difference represents an approximate estimate due to difficult digitization for PO₄. Authors state that the differences were significantly different; ** data analyzed for unfertilized plots, fungicide treatment used as control; *** treatments consisted of fungicide (no to low mycorrhizal colonization) and no fungicide (high mycorrhizal colonization).