Table 1.
Characteristic of all studied genes in the presented paper.
| Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | Enzyme | Gene Location | Function of the Enzyme | Tissue mRNA Expression |
| Gpx1 | Glutathione peroxidase 1 | 8q32 | Enzyme catalyses the reduction of organic hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide by glutathione, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. | Detected in all tissue |
| Gpx4 | Glutathione peroxidase 4 | 7q11 | Enzyme which catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides and lipid hydroperoxides, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. Essential antioxidant peroxidase that directly reduces phospholipid hydroperoxide even if they are incorporated in membranes and lipoproteins (By similarity). Can also reduce fatty acid hydroperoxide, cholesterol hydroperoxide and thymine hydroperoxide. | Detected in all tissue |
| Cat | Catalase | 3q32 | The key antioxidant enzyme in the bodies defence against oxidative stress. Catalase is a heme enzyme that is present in the peroxisome of nearly all aerobic cells. Catalase converts the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen and thereby mitigates the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. | Detected in all tissue, however tissue enhanced–blood and liver |
| Nos1 | Nitric oxide synthetase 1 | 12q16 | Enzyme, which synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. | Brain, skeletal muscle |
| Nos2 | Nitric oxide synthetase 2 | 10q25 | Enzyme, which synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. | Detected in many tissue, however tissue enhanced–intestine, lymphoid tissue |
| Tryptophan catabolites pathway | ||||
| Gene | Enzyme | Gene location | Function of the enzyme | Tissue mRNA expression |
| Tph1 | Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 | 1q22 | The enzyme catalyses the first and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, an important hormone and neurotransmitter. | Brain, intestine, pituitary gland, stomach |
| Tph2 | Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 | 7q22 | The encoded protein catalyses the first and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, an important hormone and neurotransmitter. | Brain |
| Ido1 | Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenasse | 16q12.5 | Ido1 is heme enzyme that catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in tryptophan catabolism to N-formyl-kynurenine. This enzyme acts on multiple tryptophan substrates including D-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, tryptamine, and serotonin. | Blood, placenta |
| Kmo | Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase | 13q25 | The enzyme catalyses the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine. It is Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid, a neurotoxic NMDA receptor antagonist and potential endogenous inhibitor of NMDA receptor signalling. | Blood, liver, placenta |
| Kynu | Kynureninase | 3q12 | It is enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of L-kynurenine and L-3-hydroxykynurenine into anthranilic and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acids, respectively. Kynureninase is involved in the biosynthesis of NAD cofactors from tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway | Detected in all tissue, however tissue enhanced–blood, liver, placenta |