Table 1.
The characteristics of patients with different initial grades of diabetic nephropathy.
| Initial Grades of Diabetic Nephropathy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage 1 (n = 400) |
Stage 2 (n = 445) |
Stage 3 (n = 294) |
Stage 4 (n = 103) |
Stage 5 (n = 87) |
p-Value # | |
| Basic characteristics | ||||||
| DR severity | <0.001 | |||||
| No DR | 175 (43.8%) | 193 (43.4%) | 93 (31.6%) | 21 (20.4%) | 21 (24.1%) | |
| Mild NPDR | 73 (18.2%) | 69 (15.5%) | 56 (19.0%) | 25 (24.3%) | 20 (23.0%) | |
| Moderate NPDR | 106 (26.5%) | 114 (25.6%) | 94 (32.0%) | 36 (35.0%) | 28 (32.2%) | |
| Severe NPDR | 39 (9.8%) | 59 (13.3%) | 42 (14.3%) | 16 (15.5%) | 14 (16.1%) | |
| PDR | 7 (1.8%) | 10 (2.2%) | 9 (3.1%) | 5 (4.9%) | 4 (4.6%) | |
| Gender | 0.222 | |||||
| Female | 171 (42.8%) | 222 (49.9%) | 147 (50.0%) | 46 (44.7%) | 40 (46.0%) | |
| Male | 229 (57.2%) | 223 (50.1%) | 147 (50.0%) | 57 (55.3%) | 47 (54.0%) | |
| Age (years) | 57.58 ± 12.88 | 65.92 ± 11.29 | 67.12 ± 12.45 | 65.01 ± 11.71 | 60.91 ± 12.05 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 162.48 ± 9.05 | 161.84 ± 8.77 | 161.94 ± 8.60 | 162.24 ± 8.59 | 163.25 ± 8.73 | 0.625 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.05 ± 15.04 | 66.27 ± 13.09 | 67.62 ± 14.27 | 67.20 ± 12.73 | 67.24 ± 13.01 | 0.076 |
| Body mass index | 26.06 ± 4.97 | 25.20 ± 4.01 | 25.74 ± 4.97 | 25.47 ± 3.96 | 25.21 ± 4.31 | 0.074 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.75 ± 21.51 | 141.20 ± 21.45 | 141.94 ± 22.83 | 138.43 ± 23.45 | 141.99 ± 22.58 | 0.235 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.56 ± 12.52 | 79.36 ± 12.55 | 78.20 ± 12.59 | 77.19 ± 11.43 | 77.95 ± 13.46 | 0.039 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 120 (30.0%) | 166 (37.3%) | 137 (46.6%) | 53 (51.5%) | 48 (55.2%) | <0.001 |
| lipidemia | 128 (32.0%) | 132 (29.7%) | 87 (29.6%) | 33 (32.0%) | 30 (34.5%) | 0.850 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 81 (20.2%) | 95 (21.3%) | 77 (26.2%) | 25 (24.3%) | 33 (37.9%) | 0.005 |
| Heart failure | 41 (10.2%) | 40 (9.0%) | 31 (10.5%) | 8 (7.8%) | 11 (12.6%) | 0.760 |
| COPD | 7 (1.8%) | 7 (1.6%) | 12 (4.1%) | 4 (3.9%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.128 |
| Stroke | 66 (13.1%) | 25 (10.3%) | 52 (13.8%) | 23 (13.5%) | 5 (14.3%) | 0.734 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 38 (9.5%) | 35 (7.9%) | 23 (7.8%) | 12 (11.7%) | 7 (8.0%) | 0.703 |
| Laboratory test | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 8.21 ± 2.07 | 7.80 ± 1.85 | 8.19 ± 2.10 | 7.78 ± 1.78 | 7.95 ± 2.05 | 0.014 |
| Last Glu AC (mg/dL) | 149.85 ± 56.80 | 145.87 ± 58.83 | 149.61 ± 58.06 | 150.43 ± 68.97 | 140.93 ± 51.79 | 0.617 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 151.19 ± 126.72 | 153.36 ± 139.92 | 160.72 ± 93.66 | 175.69 ± 89.07 | 172.44 ± 119.66 | 0.251 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.80 ± 39.92 | 170.43 ± 38.57 | 169.38 ± 46.76 | 179.24 ± 52.56 | 174.89 ± 61.73 | 0.321 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.95 ± 33.15 | 100.64 ± 31.83 | 98.45 ± 36.81 | 98.70 ± 37.67 | 97.39 ± 47.30 | 0.416 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.44 ± 13.33 | 46.77 ± 13.41 | 45.33 ± 11.83 | 45.00 ± 12.62 | 46.05 ± 13.61 | 0.192 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.69 ± 0.14 | 0.93 ± 0.16 | 1.43 ± 0.30 | 2.83 ± 0.68 | 7.26 ± 2.81 | <0.001 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.50 ± 1.47 | 5.85 ± 1.58 | 6.64 ± 1.93 | 7.24 ± 1.87 | 7.24 ± 2.51 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.24 ± 1.76 | 13.03 ± 1.79 | 12.17 ± 1.88 | 10.62 ± 1.88 | 10.21 ± 1.51 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.88 ± 0.61 | 3.89 ± 0.57 | 3.79 ± 0.57 | 3.63 ± 0.57 | 3.47 ± 0.60 | <0.001 |
| Result | ||||||
| ESRD event | 4 (1.0%) | 3 (0.7%) | 22 (7.5%) | 23 (22.3%) | 17 (19.5%) | <0.001 |
| Time to ESRD (years) | 1.90 ± 1.53 | 2.05 ± 1.60 | 2.10 ± 1.53 | 1.83 ± 1.49 | 1.68 ± 1.29 | 0.080 |
#: Testing by Fisher’s exact test, Wilcoxon test, or Kruskal–Wallis test, respectively. Significance level of p < 0.05 throughout the analysis. DR = diabetic retinopathy, NPDR = nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR = proliferative diabetic retinopathy, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, DBP = Diastolic blood pressure, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HbA1c = Glycated hemoglobin, Glu AC = Glucose before a meal, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, HDL = High-density lipoprotein, ESRD = end-stage renal disease.