Table 2.
The characteristics of patients with different initial grades of diabetic retinopathy.
| Initial Grades of Diabetic Retinopathy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No DR (n = 503) |
Mild NPDR (n = 243) |
Moderate NPDR (n = 378) |
Severe NPDR (n = 170) |
PDR (n = 35) |
p-Value # | |
| Basic characteristics | ||||||
| Body mass index | 25.47 ± 4.27 | 25.89 ± 5.24 | 25.27 ± 4.28 | 26.18 ± 4.97 | 26.19 ± 4.22 | 0.152 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.85 ± 20.27 | 142.08 ± 22.72 | 141.37 ± 22.84 | 139.75 ± 22.69 | 146.14 ± 27.50 | 0.127 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.89 ± 12.26 | 78.33 ± 11.62 | 79.90 ± 13.04 | 79.54 ± 13.01 | 80.57 ± 15.44 | 0.527 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| lipidemia | 144 (28.6%) | 71 (29.2%) | 120 (31.7%) | 58 (34.1%) | 17 (48.6%) | 0.107 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 116 (23.1%) | 56 (23.0%) | 87 (23.0%) | 47 (27.6%) | 5 (14.3%) | 0.491 |
| Heart failure | 49 (9.7%) | 20 (8.2%) | 41 (10.8%) | 20 (11.8%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0.466 |
| COPD | 18 (3.6%) | 5 (2.1%) | 4 (1.1%) | 2 (1.2%) | 2 (5.7%) | 0.051 |
| Stroke | 54 (13.5%) | 48 (10.8%) | 42 (14.3%) | 18 (17.5%) | 9 (10.3%) | 0.305 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 29 (5.8%) | 26 (10.7%) | 39 (10.3%) | 15 (8.8%) | 6 (17.1%) | 0.018 |
| Laboratory test | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.69 ± 1.89 | 8.03 ± 1.86 | 8.29 ± 2.01 | 8.39 ± 2.27 | 7.88 ± 1.91 | <0.001 |
| Last Glu AC (mg/dL) | 143.29 ± 56.77 | 147.54 ± 55.95 | 151.82 ± 58.95 | 154.43 ± 65.91 | 143.43 ± 52.26 | 0.127 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 151.11 ± 111.56 | 155.49 ± 91.32 | 161.08 ± 129.90 | 170.54 ± 167.13 | 154.26 ± 106.63 | 0.444 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 170.58 ± 40.67 | 170.15 ± 45.89 | 172.11 ± 43.82 | 174.39 ± 48.75 | 176.74 ± 50.41 | 0.780 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 99.70 ± 32.53 | 101.10 ± 37.07 | 99.40 ± 34.29 | 102.86 ± 38.61 | 107.66 ± 43.68 | 0.568 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.31 ± 13.67 | 46.10 ± 12.27 | 45.98 ± 12.74 | 45.12 ± 12.60 | 48.71 ± 13.01 | 0.223 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.28 ± 1.52 | 1.71 ± 2.09 | 1.63 ± 1.78 | 1.69 ± 1.68 | 2.15 ± 2.93 | 0.001 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.80 ± 1.67 | 6.16 ± 1.79 | 6.35 ± 2.04 | 6.33 ± 1.77 | 6.80 ± 1.55 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.96 ± 1.85 | 12.53 ± 1.99 | 12.20 ± 2.12 | 12.23 ± 2.10 | 11.38 ± 1.94 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.89 ± 0.54 | 3.82 ± 0.57 | 3.77 ± 0.64 | 3.74 ± 0.63 | 3.66 ± 0.64 | 0.004 |
| Result | ||||||
| ESRD event | 11 (2.2%) | 11 (4.5%) | 34 (9.0%) | 9 (5.3%) | 4 (11.4%) | <0.001 |
| Time to ESRD (years) | 2.22 ± 1.65 | 2.01 ± 1.50 | 1.60 ± 1.36 | 2.06 ± 1.51 | 1.82 ± 1.53 | <0.001 |
#: Testing by Fisher’s exact test, Wilcoxon test, or Kruskal–Wallis test, respectively. Significance level of p < 0.05 throughout the analysis. SBP = Systolic blood pressure, DBP = Diastolic blood pressure, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HbA1c = Glycated hemoglobin, Glu AC = Glucose before a meal, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, HDL = High-density lipoprotein, ESRD = end-stage renal disease.