Table 4.
The characteristics of non-CKD group patients at enrollment with different initial grades of diabetic retinopathy.
| Initial Grades of Diabetic Retinopathy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No DR (n = 368) |
Mild NPDR (n = 141) |
Moderate NPDR (n = 218) |
Severe NPDR (n = 97) |
PDR (n = 17) |
p-Value # | |
| Basic characteristics | ||||||
| Gender | 0.393 | |||||
| Female | 182 (49.5%) | 64 (45.4%) | 94 (43.1%) | 41 (42.3%) | 10 (58.8%) | |
| Male | 186 (50.5%) | 77 (54.6%) | 124 (56.9%) | 56 (57.7%) | 7 (41.2%) | |
| Age (years) | 64.06 ± 13.90 | 61.69 ± 13.41 | 60.54 ± 10.28 | 58.58 ± 11.67 | 58.33 ± 10.10 | <0.001# |
| Height (cm) | 161.63 ± 8.85 | 162.10 ± 9.88 | 162.42 ± 8.37 | 163.57 ± 8.82 | 161.79 ± 9.63 | 0.298# |
| Weight (kg) | 66.80 ± 13.83 | 68.17 ± 13.78 | 67.42 ± 13.71 | 70.05 ± 15.96 | 68.61 ± 17.14 | 0.451# |
| Body mass index | 25.45 ± 4.17 | 26.01 ± 5.65 | 25.43 ± 4.11 | 26.03 ± 4.92 | 25.86 ± 4.17 | 0.915# |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.25 ± 19.87 | 141.94 ± 22.66 | 141.49 ± 21.90 | 138.48 ± 22.54 | 152.76 ± 28.80 | 0.082# |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.24 ± 12.37 | 79.92 ± 11.04 | 80.76 ± 12.60 | 79.70 ± 13.97 | 85.12 ± 18.14 | 0.418# |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 119 (32.3%) | 51 (36.2%) | 72 (33.0%) | 35 (36.1%) | 6 (35.3%) | 0.910 |
| lipidemia | 100 (27.2%) | 38 (27.0%) | 75 (34.4%) | 35 (36.1%) | 9 (52.9%) | 0.044 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 74 (20.1%) | 34 (24.1%) | 47 (21.6%) | 19 (19.6%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.501 |
| Heart failure | 31 (8.4%) | 9 (6.4%) | 26 (11.9%) | 12 (12.4%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.31 |
| COPD | 10 (2.7%) | 2 (1.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.372 |
| Stroke | 48 (13.0%) | 17 (12.1%) | 24 (11.0%) | 11 (11.3%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.937 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 23 (6.2%) | 17 (12.1%) | 21 (9.6%) | 9 (9.3%) | 2 (11.8%) | 0.185 |
| Laboratory test | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.72 ± 1.92 | 7.99 ± 1.97 | 8.24 ± 1.79 | 8.54 ± 2.36 | 7.78 ± 1.97 | <0.001 |
| Last Glu AC (mg/dL) | 144.12 ± 57.86 | 148.18 ± 53.03 | 150.22 ± 54.92 | 159.10 ± 71.30 | 123.53 ± 38.11 | 0.039 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 146.60 ± 118.68 | 150.05 ± 86.88 | 156.59 ± 153.53 | 170.53 ± 194.11 | 140.65 ± 69.66 | 0.776 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.83 ± 36.93 | 170.57 ± 41.43 | 169.39 ± 40.84 | 171.63 ± 40.85 | 177.59 ± 34.86 | 0.676 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 101.95 ± 30.79 | 103.56 ± 36.36 | 98.59 ± 31.45 | 103.44 ± 33.64 | 115.35 ± 38.22 | 0.398 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.18 ± 13.97 | 46.12 ± 11.95 | 46.82 ± 13.57 | 44.25 ± 11.60 | 50.82 ± 12.79 | 0.083 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.56 ± 1.46 | 5.64 ± 1.43 | 5.70 ± 1.65 | 6.03 ± 1.63 | 6.08 ± 1.38 | 0.118 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.28 ± 1.66 | 13.35 ± 1.75 | 12.91 ± 1.87 | 13.08 ± 1.77 | 11.41 ± 2.13 | 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.91 ± 0.55 | 3.90 ± 0.58 | 3.85 ± 0.64 | 3.87 ± 0.59 | 3.82 ± 0.63 | 0.895 |
| Result | ||||||
| CKD event | 5 (1.4%) | 5 (3.5%) | 11 (5.0%) | 7 (7.2%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.012 |
| Time to CKD (years) | 2.19 ± 1.65 | 2.05 ± 1.58 | 1.58 ± 1.38 | 2.19 ± 1.53 | 1.47 ± 1.15 | <0.001 |
#: Testing by Fisher’s exact test, Wilcoxon test, or Kruskal–Wallis test, respectively. Significance level of p < 0.05 throughout the analysis. SBP = Systolic blood pressure, DBP = Diastolic blood pressure, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HbA1c = Glycated hemoglobin, Glu AC = Glucose before a meal, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, HDL = High-density lipoprotein, CKD = chronic kidney disease.