Table 5.
The risk of progression to CKD before the end of the study among patients without CKD initially.
| Crude-HR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adj-HR (95% CI) | p-Value # | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial DR grade | 0.004 | 0.012 | ||
| No DR | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Mild NPDR | 3.46 (0.92–12.98) | 0.066 | 3.38 (0.90–12.71) | 0.072 |
| Moderate NPDR | 8.75 (2.74–27.92) | <0.001 | 7.88 (2.43–25.57) | 0.001 |
| Severe NPDR | 5.73 (1.64–20.04) | 0.006 | 5.08 (1.35–19.04) | 0.016 |
| PDR | 14.21 (1.55–130.67) | 0.019 | 11.43 (1.22–107.12) | 0.033 |
| Gender | 0.802 | 0.835 | ||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 0.91 (0.42–1.97) | 0.802 | 0.92 (0.42–2.00) | 0.835 |
| age | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) | 0.148 | 0.69 (0.48–1.00) | 0.047 |
| height | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | 0.263 | 0.69 (0.46–1.04) | 0.077 |
| weight | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | 0.646 | 0.56 (0.32–0.99) | 0.046 |
| Body mass index | 1.03 (0.71–1.49) | 0.866 | 0.98 (0.67–1.42) | 0.913 |
| SBP | 1.15 (0.81–1.64) | 0.438 | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 0.463 |
| DBP | 1.13 (0.79–1.62) | 0.505 | 1.02 (0.70–1.48) | 0.937 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.51 (0.71–3.22) | 0.286 | 1.42 (0.65–3.12) | 0.381 |
| lipidemia | 1.12 (0.50–2.52) | 0.790 | 1.18 (0.51–2.70) | 0.699 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.91 (0.36–2.33) | 0.847 | 1.01 (0.39–2.58) | 0.987 |
| Stroke | 0.48 (0.11–2.11) | 0.332 | 0.73 (0.16–3.23) | 0.674 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 0.83 (0.24–2.88) | 0.772 | 0.66 (0.16–2.72) | 0.563 |
| Heart failure | 3.45 (1.43–8.29) | 0.006 | 3.47 (1.43–8.40) | 0.006 |
| Laboratory test | ||||
| HbA1c | 1.29 (0.97–1.71) | 0.079 | 1.23 (0.88–1.73) | 0.233 |
| Glu AC | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) | 0.852 | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 0.832 |
| triglyceride | 1.04 (0.79–1.38) | 0.765 | 1.04 (0.80–1.37) | 0.754 |
| total Cholesterol | 1.75 (1.17–2.59) | 0.006 | 1.68 (1.10–2.54) | 0.015 |
| LDL Cholesterol | 1.92 (1.32–2.78) | 0.001 | 1.85 (1.24–2.77) | 0.003 |
| HDL Cholesterol | 1.03 (0.71–1.49) | 0.886 | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | 0.921 |
| Hemoglobin | 0.67 (0.45–1.00) | 0.053 | 0.67 (0.45–1.00) | 0.053 |
#: All results of Adj-HR were adjusted by sex, Age, BMI, eGFR. Significance level of p < 0.05 throughout the analysis. DR = diabetic retinopathy, NPDR = nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR = proliferative diabetic retinopathy, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, DBP= Diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c = Glycated hemoglobin, Glu AC = Glucose before a meal, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, HDL = High-density lipoprotein.