Table 1.

Potential mechanisms of beneficial effects of Klotho in kidney disease

AKI	AKI to CKD	CKD
Protect kidney	Promote recovery	Inhibit fibrosis
Antiapoptosis	Preserve stem cells	↓ TGF-β1 signal
↓ Cell senescence	↑ Angiogenesis	↓ Wnt signal
↑ Autophagy	↑ Vasculogenesis	Mineral metabolism
Antioxidation	Inhibit fibrosis	↓ Blood phosphate
	↓ TGF-β1 signaling	Modulate FGF23 activity
	↓ Wnt signaling	Control 1,25-(OH)2D3 production
		Control PTH production
		Control BP

FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; 1,25-(OH)₂D₃, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; PTH, parathyroid hormone.