. 2020 Dec 30;10(1):29–42. doi: 10.21106/ijma.444

Table 2.

Maternal mortality rates per 100,000 live births by maternal age, education, marital status, and nativity/immigrant status, United States, 2013-2017

Demographic variable	All Races			NH White			NH Black
Demographic variable	Maternal deaths	Number of live births	Maternal mortality rate	Maternal deaths	Number of live births	Maternal mortality rate	Maternal deaths	Number of live births	Maternal mortality rate
Maternal age¹
<20	148	1,168,621	12.66	62	456,900	13.57	47	260,307	18.06
20-24	464	4,198,579	11.05	189	1,978,431	9.55	194	864,004	22.45
25-29	747	5,691,179	13.13	340	3,158,790	10.76	276	826,627	33.39
30-34	801	5,415,637	14.79	371	3,198,425	11.60	254	599,400	42.38
35-39	731	2,622,901	27.87	342	1,441,324	23.73	225	303,462	74.14
40+	1,353	603,212	224.30	702	299,454	234.43	418	79,115	528.34
All ages	4,246	19,700,129	21.55	2,007	10,533,324	19.05	1,414	2,932,915	48.21
Maternal education²
<12 years	596	2,183,696	27.29	233	604,099	38.57	180	322,009	55.90
12 years	1,393	4,310,035	32.32	634	1,993,110	31.81	500	857,512	58.31
13-15 years	939	4,369,295	21.49	438	3,079,823	14.22	364	948,012	38.40
16+ years	614	4,802,830	12.78	328	4,101,778	8.00	156	461,563	33.80
RR (low/high education)		2.13 (1.89–2.38)			4.82 (4.01–5.63)			1.65 (1.30–2.01)
Marital status³
Married	1,644	11,496,272	14.30	896	7,368,124	12.16	348	858,295	40.55
Unmarried	2,061	7,716,306	26.71	802	3,027,397	26.49	907	2,043,382	44.39
RR (unmarried/married)		1.87 (1.75–1.99)			2.18 (1.97–2.39)			1.09 (0.96–1.23)
Nativity/immigrant status³
US-born	3,168	15,240,735	20.79	1,628	9,930,504	16.39	1,161	2,499,661	46.45
Foreign-born	561	4,443,057	12.63	78	708,301	11.01	107	452,563	23.64
RR (foreign-born/US-born)		0.62 (0.55–0.66)			0.67 (0.52–0.82)			0.51 (0.41–0.61)
Maternal age¹
<20							32	408,367	7.84
20-24	13	91,256	14.25	11	157,532	6.98	66	1,160,512	5.69
25-29	13	63,911	20.34	20	375,507	5.33	96	1,262,475	7.60
30-34	11	42,289	26.01	50	531,110	9.41	115	1,028,383	11.18
35-39	12	18,989	63.19	37	292,570	12.65	117	554,553	21.10
40+	20	4,244	471.25	41	72,848	56.28	173	142,067	121.77
All ages	69	220,689	31.27	159	1,429,567	11.12	600	4,556,357	13.17
Maternal education²
<12 years	12	36,326	33.03	11	112,527	9.78	161	1,134,894	14.19
12 years	26	65,409	39.75	45	187,271	24.03	191	1,233,191	15.49
13-15 years	20	85,657	23.35	17	257,232	6.61	101	1,068,122	9.46
16+ years				78	762,765	10.23	51	534,346	9.54
RR (low/high education)		1.41 (0.40–2.43)			0.96 (0.35–1.56)			1.49 (1.02–1.96)
Marital status³
Married	18	73,774	24.40	121	1,119,259	10.81	266	2,045,025	13.01
Unmarried	45	143,351	31.39	34	227,015	14.98	273	2,286,040	11.94
RR (unmarried/married)		1.29 (0.58–1.99)			1.39 (0.86–1.91)			0.92 (0.76–1.07)
Nativity/immigrant status³
US-born				34	334,337	10.17	287	2,328,713	12.32
Foreign-born				121	1,094,387	11.06	254	2,222,324	11.43
RR (foreign-born/US-born)					1.09 (0.67–1.50)			0.93 (0.77–1.08)

Source: Derived from the National Mortality and Natality Detail Files, 2013-2017. NH = Non-Hispanic; AIAN = American Indian/Alaska Native; API = Asian and Pacific Islander; RR = relative risk or rate ratio. SE (Mortality Rate) ≈ Rate/SQRT(Deaths). The foreign-born or immigrants are defined as those born outside the 50 states and DC in both natality and mortality files.

For AIANs and APIs, maternal deaths, live births and mortality rates refer to those for maternal age < 25 years.

Data were derived for mothers aged 20-49 years. For AIANs, maternal deaths, live births and mortality rates refer to those with education ≥ 13 years.

Data were derived for mothers aged 15-49 years.