Table 1.

Baseline characteristics, continuous variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation (minimum–maximum) or median (Q1 to Q3), categorical variables are reported as count (%); Abbreviations: CSX: Cardiac Surgery, SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, ICU = Intensive Care Unit, * Residential living status prior to hospital admission.

	Longitudinal Cohort
	CSX (n = 49)	Surgical ICU (n = 184)	p-Values
Age in years	83.8 ± 3.1 (80–93)	84.4 ± 3.4 (80–96)	0.33
Sex			0.68
Male	28 (57.1%)	99 (53.8%)
Female	21 (42.9%)	85 (46.2%)
Admission APACHE II Score	22.6 ± 6.9 (12–34)	20.2 ± 6.5 (7–49)	0.03
Baseline SOFA	6.6 ± 2.2 (1–13)	5.0 ± 3.2 (0–14)	<0.001
Charlson Comorbidity Index	1 [0 to 3]	2 [0 to 3]	0.62
Clinical Frailty Scale	3 [3 to 4]	3.0 [2 to 4]	0.56
Fit/Well (1–3)	28 (57.1%)	102 (55.4%)
Vulnerable/Frail (4–7)	21 (42.9%)	81 (44.0%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Admission type			<0.001
Surgical elective	33 (67.3%)	50 (27.2%)
Surgical emergency	16 (32.7%)	134 (72.8%)
Primary ICU diagnosis			<0.001
Cardiovascular/vascular	49 (100.0%)	35 (19.0%)
Respiratory	0 (0.0%)	10 (5.4%)
Gastrointestinal	0 (0.0%)	84 (45.7%)
Neurologic	0 (0.0%)	24 (13.0%)
Sepsis	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.1%)
Trauma	0 (0.0%)	10 (5.4%)
Renal	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.1%)
Gynecologic	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Orthopedic	0 (0.0%)	16 (8.7%)
Ethnicity			0.54
Asian/Pacific	0 (0.0%)	6 (3.3%)
African/Black North American	0 (0.0%)	3 (1.6%)
Caucasian	48 (98.0%)	170 (92.4%)
East Indian	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Native Canadian	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Other	1 (2.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.1%)
Living status *			0.63
Alone at home	18 (36.7%)	52 (28.3%)
With family member at home	18 (36.7%)	71 (38.6%)
With someone else	10 (20.4%)	36 (19.6%)
Supervised setting	2 (4.1%)	17 (9.2%)
Nursing home	1 (2.0%)	7 (3.8%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)