Table 4.

Results of clinical studies using probiotic strains in the cancer prevention and the treatment.

Reference	Probiotic Strain	Subject	Time of Treatment	Effect
The Prevention
[58]	Yakult containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) and isoflavones from soy product	968 breast cancer patients aged 40 to 55.	2 years	↓ the incidence of breast cancer in Japanese women correlated with consumption of LcS and isoflavones since adolescence.
[59]	Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. bulgaricus	45,241 healthy people (14,178 men, 31,063 women)	12 years	↓ the risk of colorectal cancer correlated with increased consumption of yogurt (especially in men).
[60]	Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 (LG21)	10 people with colorectal cancer and 20 healthy patients	12 weeks	$\uparrow$ the number of bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus, $\uparrow$ synthesis of isobutyric acid, $\uparrow$ NK cell activity. ↓ the amount of Clostridium perfringens.
[19]	Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)	54 women with an HPV-positive intra epithelial lesion	6 months	60 % ↓ in human papilloma virus (HPV) associated infection and cervical cancer precursors
[61]	Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS	38 men (between 24 and 55 years old)	4 weeks	↓ β-glucosidase and urease activity $\uparrow$ amount of bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium
[54]	Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii	90 male students with high aflatoxin level in urine	5 weeks	61.5% ↓ a liver cancer biomarker which leads to reduced urinary excretion of aflatoxin B1-N7guanine (AFB-N7-guanine)
[62]	Lactobacillus acidophilus L1	180 people with bladder cancer (mean age:67 years and 445 population-based controls	10 weeks	↓ the risk of bladder cancer correlated with habitual intake of lactic acid bacteria
The Treatment
[63]	Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Saccharomyces boulardii	164 patients with colorectal cancer undergoing colorectal surgery	30 days	↓ the risk of postoperative complications. In the probiotic group, a positive correlation was observed between the expression of the SOCS3 gene and the expression of the TNF gene and circulating IL–6.
[64]	Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC, Lactobacillus acidophilus-11, Bifidobacterium longum-88	150 patients with colorectal cancer	6 days preoperatively and 10 days postoperative	↓ the serum zonulin concentration, ↓ duration of postoperative pyrexia, ↓ duration of antibiotic therapy, ↓ rate of postoperative infectious complications, Inhibited the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
[65]	Bifidobacterium longum	60 patients with colorectal cancer undergoing colon resection	3 days	$\uparrow$the count of bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium ↓ the count of bacteria of the genus Escherichia
[66]	Bifidobacterium breve Yakult	42 patients during chemotherapy	6 weeks	↓ the incidence of fever ↓ the need for intravenous antibiotics using compared to the control group.