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Overview of the hormetic response of photosystem II photochemistry to Cd exposure. Hormesis [96] is defined as the stimulatory effect of short exposure times of toxic constituents, e.g., Cd on a biological factor (photosystem II photochemistry), of a particular organism (S. sclarea). The hormetic effect is defined by an inverse U-shaped biphasic curve [8,34] in which short exposure time has a stimulatory effect; however, at longer exposure time, a toxic effect is evident.
