Table 1.
Overview of the different characteristics of the GL26, GL261, ML/CT-2A, SMA-560 and 4C8 mouse models.
| Model | Host | Induction | Histology | Immune Composition | Stem Cells | Effect of Standard-of-Care Therapy | Response to Immunotherapy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GL261 | C57BL/6 | Chemical induction with methylcholanthrene | GBM, ependymoblastoma | Immunogenic profile with high of frequency activated microglia and CD3+ T cells, low frequency of Tregs, presence of TAMs, low frequency of APCs | Stem cell like phenotype with Nestin and CD133 expression | RT: +/− TMZ: + |
Survival benefit with several immunotherapeutic strategies in single and combination treatment (ICB, vaccination, virotherapy, …) | Ausman 1970 [15,21,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115] |
| GL26 | C57BL/6 | Chemical induction with carcinogen implantation | GBM, ependymoblastoma | CD8+ T cell and myeloid cell infiltration with high expression of PD-1 and TIGIT immune checkpoints | Gene expression profile of glioma stem cells | TMZ: + | Generally positive | Sugiura 1969 [116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130] |
| ML/CT-2A | C57BL/6 | Chemical induction with methylcholanthrene | Anaplastic astrocytoma | Overall immune suppressive microenvironment with low numbers of microglia, high numbers of resident macrophages and exhausted CD8+ T cells with TIM-3 and LAG-3 expression | Positive for CD133, Nestin and Oct4 stem cell markers | RT: - | Generally positive | Seyfried 1992 [26,33,77,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147] |
| SMA-560 | VM/Dk | Spontaneous | Anaplastic astrocytoma | Upregulation immunoregulatory pathways, TGF-β signaling | CD44 and Nestin expression when cultured in spheres | RT: - TMZ: - |
Generally positive | Fraser 1971 [134,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160] |
| 4C8 | B6D2F1 | Clonal cell lines of a glial tumor from a transgenic mouse | Oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma | Large number of macrophages at the tumor periphery instead of in the tumor core | Not assessed | Not assessed | Generally positive (limited amount of data available) | Weiner 1999 [161,162,163,164,165] |
GBM: glioblastoma, Treg: regulatory T cell, DC: dendritic cell, MHC-I/II: major histocompatibility complex I or II, TAM: tumor associated macrophage, APC: antigen presenting cell, PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1, TIGIT: T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain, TGF-β: transforming growth factor β, TIM-3: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing 3, LAG-3: lymphocyte activation gene 3, RT: radiotherapy, TMZ: Temozolomide, ICB: immune checkpoint blockade. Bold: highlight.