Table 1.

Marine algal bioactive metabolites and their functional role in apoptosis.

	Bioactive Compounds	Algal Sources	Cell Lines/In Vivo Models Involved	Functional Involvement	Ref.
1	Sulfated polysaccharides	Brawn algae	Human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cell line (U-937)	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[1]
2	Polysaccharides	Capsosiphon fulvescens	Gastric cancer cells	Modulation of PI3K/Akt pathway	[96]
3	Polysaccharides	U. lactuca	DMBA-induced breast cancer model	Diminished lipid peroxidation also GPx activity	[97]
4	Polysaccharides	Champia feldmannii	Mice transplanted with sarcoma 180 tumors	Reduction of tumor growth	[98]
5	Polysaccharides	U. lactuca	DMBA-induced breast cancer in rat	Prevented breast-histological alterations and carcinogenic wounds	[97]
6	Polysaccharides	U. lactuca	Breast cancer cells	p53 expression and inhibited the Bcl-2 expression	[97]
7	Fucoidan	Costaria costata	DLD-1	55% (100 μg/mL)	[107]
			SK-MEL-28	20% (100 μg/mL)	[107]
8	Fucoidans	U. pinnatifida	DU-145 cell-induced xenograft rat model	Inhibition of the JAK3/STAT pathway	[99]
9	Fucoidan	Fucus vesiculosus	HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cell line	p53-independent	[74]
10	Fucoidan	L. japonica	HT-29 cell line	Caspase-3, PARP, and DNA degradation	[100]
11	Fucoidan	E. cava	MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cells	Induction of p53 and activation of Bax, caspases 3 and 9, and PARP with inhibition of Bcl-2	[76]
12	Fucoidan	Cladosiphon okamuranus	MCF-7 cells	Activation of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation	[101]
13	Extracts	F. vesiculosus	Human colon cancer cells	Cytoplasmic release of cytochrome C and the Smac/DIABLO pathway	[102]
14	Fucoidan	F. vesiculosus	HT-29 colon cancer cells	Decreased expression of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax, pro-caspases 3, 7, and 9	[103]
15	Fucoidan	F. vesiculosus	HT-29 colon cancer cells	Upregulation of Rb and E2 factor proteins and Fas regulation	[103]
16	Fucoxanthin	Laminaria japonica	Human colon adenocarcinoma WiDr cells	DNA fragmentation	[91]
17	Fucoxanthin	Ishige okamurae	Melanoma B16F10 cells	Caspases activation and reduction of BclxL and IAP expression	[90]
18	Dieckol	E. cava	Albino rats	Decreased cancer cell proliferation	[95]
19	Guaiane sesquiterpene	Ulva fasciata	MDA MB-231 breast cancer cell line	Direct interaction with kinase site of EGFR	[82]
20	Halogenated monoterpene, mertensene	Pterocladiella capillacea	HT-29 and LS174	ERK1/2, Akt, and NF B pathways	[78]
21	Ethanolic and methanolic extracts	Gracilaria tenuistipitata	Ca9-22 oral cancer cells	DNA damage	[88]
22	Methanolic extract	Plocamium telfairiae	HT-29 colon cancer cells	Induced caspase-dependent	[88]
23	Iodine and polyphenols	L. japonica	HT-29 colon cancer cells	Inhibition of SOD activity	[105]
24	Extract	Eucheuma cottonii	Cancer-induced rats	Upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., CAT, SOD, and GPx	[89]
25	Methanolic extracts	Fucus serratus and F. vesiculosus	Caco-2 cells	DNA damage	[106]
26	Methanolic extracts	Pelvetia canaliculata	Caco-2 cells	Inhibited H2O2-induced SOD depletion	[106]
27	Ethanol extracts	C. japonica	Caco-2 cells	Activating cellular antioxidant enzymes	[63]
28	Aqueous extract	G. tenuistipitata	H1299 cell line	Activating cellular antioxidant enzymes	[59]