| AGEs | Advanced glycation end products |
| BBB | Blood–brain barrier |
| BNB | Blood–nerve barrier |
| DPN | Diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| HIF-1 | Hypoxia inducible factor-1 |
| IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| VEGFs | Vascular endothelial growth factors |
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