Table 1.
Task-Based fMRI Studies in Adolescent Cannabis Users
| Author (Year) |
Cognitive Domain |
Age Range |
Sex | Cannabis Group Criteria |
CUD | Task | Brain Analyses |
Corrected | Abstinence Period |
Primary Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional Studies | |||||||||||
| Jacobsen et al. (2004) | Working Memory | 16-17 | CU: 75%M; Tobacco: 75%M; CON: 40%M |
24-1460 days | Auditory N-Back | ROI | 1.5-24 months | 2-Back Condition: CU>CON, hippocampal activation | |||
| Jager et al. (2010) | Working Memory | 13-19 | CU: 23M; CON: 24M |
≥200 lifetime episodes | Verbal WM task | Both | + | 24 hours | Novel-Task-minus-Control-Task: CU>Controls; left SPC, left IFG, left PCC/DLPFC, ACC | ||
| Padula et al. (2007) | Working Memory | 16-18 | CU: 14M, 3F; CON: 12M, 5F |
477 lifetime episodes (average) | Spatial Working Memory Task | Whole | + | 28 days | SWM-minus-Vigiliance: CU>Controls; right basal ganglia, right and left parietal lobes | ||
| Schweinsburg et al. (2005) | Working Memory | 15-17 | CUD+AUD: 10M, 1F; AUD: 10M, 1F; CON: 11M, 8F |
≥100 lifetime episodes | + | Spatial Working Memory Task | Whole | + | ≥2 days | SWM-minus-Rest: CUD+AUD<Controls; right inferior frontal gyrus, right superior temporal and supramarginal gyri activation CUD+AUD>Controls; right superior frontal and middle frontal gyri activation CUD+AUD>Controls; left inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral medial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate deactivation CUD+AUD <AUD; right inferior frontal gyrus, claustrum, and insula. Left precuneus, and right middle temporal and supramarginal gyri activation CUD+AUD <AUD; left superior temporal gyrus deactivation CUD+AUD >AUD; bilateral middle and superior frontal gyri, anterior cingulate deactivation |
|
| Schweinsburg et al. (2008) | Working Memory | 16-18 | CU: 11M, 4F; CON: 12M, 5F |
480 lifetime episodes (average) | Spatial Working Memory Task | Whole | + | 28 days | SWM-minus-Vigilance: CU>Controls; Right superior parietal lobule CU<Controls; Right middle frontal gyrus |
||
| Behan et al. (2014) | Inhibition and Cognitive Control | 14-18 | CU: 16M, 1F; CON: 17M, 1F |
4168 lifetime joints (average) | Go/No-Go | Whole | + | >24 hours | No-Go Condition: CU>Controls, parietal and cerebellar regions increased correlations |
||
| Claus et al. (2018) | Inhibition and Cognitive Control | 14-18 | CU+ALC:28M, 11F; ALC: 9M, 14F; CON: 20M, 17F |
≥1 day use in the past month | BART | ROI | + | 24 hours | Linear Risk Contrast: ↑CU+Alc frequent use, ↓response in ventral striatum and bilateral thalamus Risky Decision Making Contrast: CU+Alc<Controls, insula striatum and thalamus |
||
| Smith et al. (2011) | Inhibition and Cognitive Control | 19-21 | CU: 6M, 4F; CON: 9M, 5F |
2697 lifetime joints | Go/No-Go Task | Whole | + | 1-2 hours | No-Go-minus-Go: CU>Controls, precentral gyrus, superior, middle, orbital and inferior frontal gyri, lingual gyrus and supramarginal gyrus. ↑Canniabis use=↓Right thalamus, bilateral inferior parietal lobe |
||
| Tapert et al. (2007) | Inhibition and Cognitive Control | 16-18 | CU: 12M, 4F; CON: 12M, 5F |
≥60 lifetime episodes | Go/No-go Task | Whole | + | 28 days | No-Go-minus-Baseline: CU>Controls, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior and superior parietal lobules, and right occipital gyri Go-minus-Baseline: CU>Controls, right prefrontal, insular, and parietal cortices |
||
| Acheson et al. (2015) | Decision Making & Reward Response | 15-19 | CU: 11M, 3F; CON: 11M, 3F |
6.7 uses per week | Coin Flip Win/Loss Task | ROI | <24 hours | Reward-minus-Control: CU>Controls, middle and inferior frontal gyri, caudate, and claustrum Loss-minus-Control: CU>Controls, anterior and posterior cingulate, middle frontal gyrus, insula, claustrum, and declive |
|||
| Aloi et al. (2019) | Decision Making & Reward Response | 14-18 | CU: 73M, 36F; CON: 19, 13F |
CUDIT scores ranged from 0-32 | + | MID | Whole | + | Not Reported | Feedback on Inaccurate Trials: ↑CUDIT score=↓Decreased activation in putamen Feedback on Inaccurate Punishment Trials: ↑CUDIT score=↓Decreased activation in putamen and ACC/dmPFC during feedback |
|
| Cousijn et al. (2012) | Decision Making & Reward Response | 18-25 | CU: 21M, 11F; CON: 26M, 15F |
1611 lifetime joints | IGT | Whole | + | 24 hours | Win-minus-Loss: CU>Controls, right OFC, right insula, and left superior temporal gyrus |
||
| De Bellis et al. (2013) | Decision Making & Reward Response | 13-17 | CU: 15M; Controls w/psychopathology: 23M; CON: 18M |
≤19 weekly use joints | + | Decision-Reward Uncertainty Task | Both | + | ≥ 4 weeks | No Reward Condition: CUD>Controls, left OFC activation Behavioral Risk Condition: CUD>Controls, left superior parietal lobule Behavioral Risk Condition: CUD>Controls with psychopathology, left superior parietal lobule, left lateral occipital cortex, left and right precuneus |
|
| Nestor et al. (2010) | Decision Making & Reward Response | 21-24 | CU: 12M, 2F; CON: 11M, 3F |
>500 lifetime joints | MID | Whole | + | 12-504 hours | “Loss” Cues: CU>Controls right ventral putamen during “loss” “Win” Cues: CU>Controls right putamen and ventral putamen ↑ Right Putamen BOLD activity = ↑ Number of reported life-time cannabis joints smoked |
||
| Nestor et al. (2019) | Decision Making & Reward Response | 16-19 | CU: 17M, 1F; CON: 17M, 1F |
Cannabis dependence diagnosis based on (DSM-IV) | + | MID | Both | + | <24 hours | CU>Controls, greater connectivity across reward regions | |
| Author (Year) |
Cognitive Domain |
Age Range |
Sex | Follow- Up Length |
Cannabis Group Criteria |
CUD | Task | Brain Analyses |
Corrected | Abstinence Period |
Primary Results |
| Longitudinal Studies | |||||||||||
| Cousijn et al. (2014) | Working Memory | 18-25 | CU: 21M, 11F CON: 26M, 15F | 6-month | 1619.5 lifetime joints | N-Back | Whole | + | 24 hours | ↑ frontal pole, PFC, premotor cortex, paracingulate cortex, and inferior parietal cortex = ↑ Increased cannabis use within the cannabis groups at follow-up | |
| Tervo Clemmens et al. (2018) | Working Memory | 12-15 | CU: 12M, 10F CON: 29M, 34 F | 3 years, pre- and post-onset | .078 joints per day | Visuospatial Working Memory Task | ROI | + | Not Reported | SWM at Baseline: CU>Nonusers, inferior parietal, middle frontal, presupplementary motor area, CU<Nonusers, precuneus, lateral occipital SWM at Follow-Up: CU>Nonusers, posterior parietal Baseline>Follow-Up activation |
|
| Chung et al. (2015) | Inhibition and Cognitive Control | 14-18 | 10M, 4F | Baseline 6-month 1-year | ≥1 lifetime DSM-IV cannabis use disorder symptom | + | Antissacade | Both | + | 24 hours | ↑amygdala, nucleus accumbens, left ventrolateral PFC, supplementary eye field and putamen = ↓ Cannabis problem severity symptoms at 6-month follow-up |
ACC=anterior cingulate cortex; ALC=alcohol user; AUD=Alcohol Use Disorder; BOLD=blood-oxygen-level-dependent; Brain Analyses refers to whether studies included whole-brain, regions of interest (ROI), or both; CON=healthy control; Corrected=+ refers to analyses being corrected for multiple comparisons; CU=cannabis user; CUD + = cannabis using participants meet criteria for cannabis dependence or cannabis use disorder; F=Female; IFG=inferior frontal gyrus; M=male; OFC=orbitofrontal cortex; PCC/DLPFC=precentral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ROI=region of interest; SPC=Superior Parietal Cortex; SWM=spatial working memory
Note: Primary results only include statistically significant differences