Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the participants (n = 27,468)

	Mean (SD), median (IQR) or n (%)
	Robust (n 13,069)	Pre-frail (n 11,430)	Frail (n 2,969)	Total (27,468)
Age (years), mean (SD)	68.6 (6.4)	71.4 (7.7)	76.0 (8.3)	70.5 (7.6)
Female, n (%)	6,380 (48.8)	6,616 (57.9)	1,989 (67.0)	14,985 (54.6)
Loneliness, n (%)
low	9,521 (72.9)	6,528 (57.1)	1,268 (42.7)	17,317 (63.0)
average	2,902 (22.2)	3,375 (29.5)	858 (28.9)	7,135 (26.0)
high	646 (4.9)	1,527 (13.4)	843 (28.4)	3,016 (11.0)
Social isolation, n (%)
low	4,049 (31.0)	2,158 (18.9)	213 (7.2)	6,420 (23.4)
average	7,743 (59.3)	7,708 (67.4)	2,201 (74.1)	17,652 (64.3)
high	1,277 (9.8)	1,564 (13.7)	555 (18.7)	3,396 (12.4)
Area of residence, n (%)
Large city	1,737 (13.3)	1,550 (13.6)	404 (13.6)	3,691 (13.4)
Suburbs of large city	1,618 (12.4)	1,318 (11.5)	320 (10.8)	3,256 (11.9)
Large town	2,067 (15.8)	1,861 (16.3)	531 (17.9)	4,459 (16.2)
Small town	3,390 (25.9)	3,159 (27.6)	812 (27.4)	7,361 (26.8)
Rural area/village	4,257 (32.6)	3,542 (31.0)	902 (30.4)	8,701 (31.7)
Occupation, n (%)
Retired	10,137 (77.6)	8,960 (78.4)	2,209 (74.4)	21,306 (77.6)
Employed, self-employed or unemployed	1,778 (13.6)	897 (7.9)	54 (1.8)	2,729 (9.9)
Permanently disabled or sick	157 (1.2)	143 (1.3)	13 (0.4)	313 (1.1)
Homemaker, other	89 (0.7)	258 (2.3)	146 (4.9)	493 (1.8)
Education, n (%)	908 (6.9)	1,172 (10.3)	547 (18.5)	2,627 (9.6)
No qualification	391 (3.0)	741 (6.5)	435 (14.7)	1,567 (5.7)
Primary education	2,050 (15.7)	2,711 (23.7)	1,027 (34.6)	5,788 (21.1)
Secondary education	7,084 (54.2)	5,801 (50.8)	1,216 (41.0)	14,101 (51.3)
Tertiary education	3,512 (26.9)	2,130 (18.6)	277 (9.3)	5,919 (21.5)
Other	32 (0.2)	47 (0.4)	14 (0.5)	93 (0.3)
Depression, n (%)
Probable	789 (6.0)	3,921 (34.3)	2,028 (68.3)	6,738 (24.5)
Sadness, n (%)	3,235 (24.8)	5,147 (45.0)	1,903 (64.1)	10,285 (37.4)
Chronic disease, n (%) ≥1 chronic disease	9,822 (75.2)	10,003 (87.5)	2,894 (97.5)	22,719 (82.7)