Video 1. Optogenetic activation of POA_PAG neurons elicits ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs).

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An isolated male mouse is shown which has ChR2 is expressed in POA_PAG neurons. Optogenetic activation of these neurons with pulses of blue light elicits USV production. Video is shown at the top, a spectrogram (bottom) showing the optogenetically elicited USVs is synchronized to the video, and pitch-shifted audio (80 kHz to 5 kHz transformation) is included to place the ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) within the human hearing range.