Table 2.

EC transporters and their functions.

Component		Function	Diseased condition	Expression	Reference
Nutrient transporters	Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) protein	Regulates glucose level in brain	Hypoxia-ischemia elevates GLUT1 expression, which serves a neuroprotective role by reducing focal ischemia	Disperse	Shi et al., 1997; Vemula et al., 2009; Li et al., 2013
	Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) protein	Materials transport; cell depolarization; glucose level maintenance	Increases edema formation and exacerbates cerebral ischemic neuronal injury; inhibition of SGLT during stroke improves outcome		Vemula et al., 2009; Yamazaki et al., 2015; Yamazaki et al., 2016; Sifat et al., 2017
Ion transporters	Na+-K+-Cl− co-transporter	Maintain CNS ion content	Hypoxia stimulates Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter expression leading to brain edema formation	Luminal	Foroutan et al., 2005; Jayakumar and Norenberg, 2010
	Na+/K+-ATPase		Decreased Na+/K+-ATPase expression causes the accumulation of Na+ leading to endothelial swelling and cytotoxic edema	Abluminal	Babsky et al., 2008; Hladky and Barrand, 2016; Jiang et al., 2018
	Ca2+-ATPase		Ca2+-ATPase fails to maintain ion homeostasis in the setting of stroke due to ATP loss	Luminal	Jiang et al., 2018
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters	P-glycoprotein (P-gp)	Efflux pumps most notably regulating drug transport	Differentially expressed in neurological disorders	Luminal	Abbott et al., 2010; Qosa et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2018
	Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp)
	Multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps)