Table 4.

Results of the univariable analyses of all factors with the target variable lame.

Predictor	Parameter estimate	Standard error	Odds ratio	Confidence interval (95%)	P-value
Breed
Other German Simmental	Reference 0.08	–0.19	–1.08	–0.75–1.59	– 0.673
Parity
Increasing parity	0.26	0.04	1.30	1.21–1.39	< 0.001
Days in Milk	0.00045	0.00049	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.353
Milk yield	−0.00062	0.0087	1.00	0.98–1.02	0.943
Udder hygiene
Little/no manure Minor splashing Distinct plaques of manure Solid plaque of manure	Reference 0.12 0.08 0.45	–0.170.190.21	− 1.13 1.09 1.57	–0.80–1.590.74–1.601.04–2.37	– 0.497 0.671 0.030
Cleanliness of lower leg
Little/no manure Minor splashing Distinct plaques of manure Solid plaque of manure	Reference 0.20 0.52 0.54	–0.170.200.26	– 1.22 1.68 1.71	–0.88–1.701.13–2.501.02–2.82	– 0.231 0.011 0.038
Hocks
No observable skin change Hairless patch Swelling and/or wound	Reference 0.50 1.31	–0.240.26	– 1.65 3.73	–1.04–2.702.28–6.28	– 0.039 < 0.001
Swelling of the rib
No Yes	Reference 1.12	–0.22	– 3.07	–2.01–4.68	– < 0.001
Neck
No observable skin change Hairless patch swelling or wound	Reference 0.51 0.18	–0.140.26	– 1.66 0.70	–1.25–2.191.97	– < 0.001 0.505
Back
No observable skin chance Skin change present	Reference 1.00	–0.34	– 2.73	–1.39–5.29	– 0.003
Tail
No observable abnormality Deviation and/or swelling, amputated tail	Reference −0.27	–0.32	– 0.76	–0.39–1.38	– 0.397
Income from dairy farming
Main income Subsidiary income	Reference −0.05	–0.15	– 0.95	–0.71–1.28	– 0.756
BCS
Underconditioned Optimally conditioned Overconditioned	0.58 Reference 0.32	0.16–0.26	1.79 – 1.38	1.31–2.42–0.82–2.26	< 0.001 – 0.215
Type of tying system
Grabner tiea Vertical neck frame Collar and chain Other	Reference −0.47 −0.59 −1.24	–0.220.200.38	– 0.62 0.55 0.29	–0.40–0.950.37–0.820.13–0.58	– 0.032 0.004 0.001
Stall base
Concrete Rubber	Reference - 0.05	–0.19	– 0.95	–0.66–1.39	– 0.791
Use of bedding
No bedding Bedding present	Reference 0.03	–0.41	– 1.03	–0.43–2.22	– 0.943
Gutter design
Concrete or gutter without grate Gutter with grate	Reference 0.52	–0.20	– 1.69	–1.15–2.52	– 0.008
Farming type
Conventional farming Organic farming	Reference −0.77	–0.24	– 0.46	–0.28–0.72	– 0.001
Access to pasture
No Yes	Reference −0.58	–0.15	– 0.56	–0.42–0.74	– < 0.001
Exercise area present
No Yes	Reference −0.56	–0.24	– 0.57	–0.34–0.90	– 0.021
Length of stalls (categorized)b
1 (short) 2 (medium) 3 (long)	1.24 0.77 Reference	0.210.20–	3.45 2.16 –	2.31–5.241.47–3.24–	< 0.001 < 0.001 –
Width of stalls (categorized)c
1 (narrow) 2 (medium) 3 (broad)	Reference 0.005 −0.49	–0.160.20	– 1.01 0.61	–0.73–1.380.41–0.90	– 0.975 0.013
Farm size (categorized)d
1 (small) 2 (medium) 3 (large)	Reference 0.15 0.71	–0.180.16	– 1.16 2.04	–0.82–1.631.48–2.78	– 0.407 < 0.001
Year
2016 2017 2018 2019	Reference −0.59 −1.01 −1.21	–0.280.290.35	– 0.55 0.37 0.30	–0.32–0.960.21–0.640.15–0.59	– 0.034 < 0.001 0.001
Observer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Reference 0.11 −0.53 −0.06 −0.22 −0.35 0.55	–0.240.350.300.250.300.28	– 1.12 0.59 0.94 0.81 0.71 1.74	–0.71–1.800.29–1.170.52–1.690.50–1.320.39–1.271.00–3.04	– 0.630 0.139 0.841 0.386 0.2501 0.053

^aChain/belt fixed vertically with attached sliding frame around the cow's neck.

^bLength of stalls was categorized according to the distribution of the measured values and the medians calculated from these (≤ 158 cm: 1; > 158–171 cm: 2; > 171 cm: 3).

^cWidth of stalls was categorized according to the distribution of the measured values and the medians calculated from these (≤ 98.5 cm: 1; > 98.5–103 cm: 2; > 103 cm: 3).

^dFarm size was categorized (small < 24 cows; medium 24–30 cows; large > 30 cows).