Table 1.
Summary table of the main characteristics of the studies sample by Stimuli Type (absolute frequencies and percentage).
| Overall | Stimuli Type | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 55) |
Line-drawing (n = 39) |
Photographs (n = 14) |
Both (n = 2) |
|||||
| N | % | n | % | n | % | N | % | |
| AGE | ||||||||
| Young adults | 30 | 54.5 | 21 | 53.8 | 8 | 57.1 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Mid-age adults | 10 | 18.2 | 6 | 15.4 | 4 | 28.6 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Older adults | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Multiage | 14 | 25.5 | 11 | 28.2 | 2 | 14.3 | 1 | 50.0 |
| SCHOOLING LEVEL | ||||||||
| High school | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Undergraduate | 36 | 65.5 | 27 | 69.2 | 7 | 50.0 | 2 | 100.0 |
| Graduate/Post-graduate | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Undergraduate and Graduate | 5 | 9.1 | 4 | 10.3 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| n.d. | 12 | 21.8 | 6 | 15.4 | 6 | 42.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
| LANGUAGE | ||||||||
| English | 14 | 25.5 | 9 | 23.1 | 3 | 21.4 | 2 | 100.0 |
| French | 6 | 10.9 | 5 | 12.8 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Spanish | 6 | 10.9 | 3 | 7.7 | 3 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Portuguese | 4 | 7.3 | 1 | 2.6 | 3 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Italian | 3 | 5.5 | 2 | 5.1 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turkish | 2 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Russian | 2 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Arabic | 2 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Chinese | 2 | 3.6 | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Japanese | 2 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Dutch | 2 | 3.6 | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Thai | 1 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Greek | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Indian | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Persian | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Icelandic | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Cross-linguistic | 5 | 9.1 | 5 | 12.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| DATA COLLECTION ENVIRONMENT | ||||||||
| Experimental | 25 | 45.5 | 15 | 38.5 | 10 | 71.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Survey | 18 | 32.7 | 13 | 33.3 | 4 | 28.6 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Both | 10 | 18.2 | 9 | 23.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| n.d. | 2 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| ONLINE RESOURCES | ||||||||
| Yes | 2 | 3.6 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| No | 51 | 92.7 | 36 | 92.3 | 14 | 100.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| n.d. | 2 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| S&V (ORIGINAL, ADAPTATION, OR EXTENSION) | ||||||||
| Yes | 31 | 56.4 | 29 | 74.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 |
| No | 24 | 43.6 | 10 | 25.6 | 14 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| STIMULI COLOR | ||||||||
| Color | 16 | 29.1 | 5 | 12.8 | 11 | 78.6 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Black and white | 35 | 63.6 | 32 | 82.1 | 3 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Both | 4 | 7.3 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 |
| STIMULI SIZE/RESOLUTION | ||||||||
| Medium (up to 500px) | 15 | 27.3 | 9 | 23.1 | 4 | 28.6 | 2 | 100.0 |
| High (from 501px) | 15 | 27.3 | 8 | 20.5 | 7 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| n.d. | 25 | 45.5 | 22 | 56.4 | 3 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
| N OF STIMULI | ||||||||
| Up to 50 | 1 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 51–100 | 5 | 9.1 | 4 | 10.3 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 101–200 | 5 | 9.1 | 3 | 7.7 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 200+ | 44 | 80.0 | 32 | 82.1 | 10 | 71.4 | 2 | 100.0 |
| N STIMULI/PARTICIPANT | ||||||||
| Up to 50 | 4 | 7.3 | 2 | 5.1 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 51–100 | 5 | 9.1 | 4 | 10.3 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 101–200 | 9 | 16.4 | 4 | 10.3 | 5 | 35.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 200+ | 33 | 60.0 | 26 | 66.7 | 6 | 42.9 | 1 | 50.0 |
| n.d. | 4 | 7.3 | 3 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| N CATEGORY | ||||||||
| 1–5 | 8 | 14.5 | 6 | 15.4 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 6–10 | 4 | 7.3 | 2 | 5.1 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 11–15 | 27 | 49.1 | 22 | 56.4 | 4 | 28.6 | 1 | 50.0 |
| 16+ | 7 | 12.7 | 1 | 2.6 | 5 | 35.7 | 1 | 50.0 |
| n.d. | 9 | 16.4 | 8 | 20.5 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| CATEGORY-LEVEL | ||||||||
| Basic level | 10 | 18.2 | 4 | 10.3 | 6 | 42.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Domain and basic level | 2 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Superordinate level | 24 | 43.6 | 19 | 48.7 | 3 | 21.4 | 2 | 100.0 |
| Basic and superordinate level | 9 | 16.4 | 7 | 17.9 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Domain. basic and superordinate level | 1 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| n.d. | 9 | 16.4 | 7 | 17.9 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON | ||||||||
| Yes | 34 | 61.8 | 27 | 69.2 | 6 | 42.9 | 1 | 50.0 |
| No | 21 | 38.2 | 12 | 30.8 | 8 | 57.1 | 1 | 50.0 |
| DATASET COMPARISON OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON | ||||||||
| Direct | 26 | 47.3 | 21 | 53.8 | 5 | 35.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Indirect | 4 | 7.3 | 3 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Both | 4 | 7.3 | 3 | 7.7 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Absent | 21 | 38.2 | 12 | 30.8 | 8 | 57.1 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Samples source of cross-cultural comparison | (n = 34) | (n = 27) | (n = 6) | (n = 1) | ||||
| Between studies | 29 | 85.3 | 22 | 81.5 | 6 | 100.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| Within studies | 4 | 11.8 | 4 | 14.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Both | 1 | 2.9 | 1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Statistical method for cross-cultural analysis | (n = 34) | (n = 27) | (n = 6) | (n = 1) | ||||
| Correlations | 24 | 70.6 | 19 | 70.4 | 5 | 83.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Correlations and multiple regressions | 3 | 8.8 | 3 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| ANOVAS/T-tests | 4 | 11.8 | 3 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| ANOVAS/T-tests and Correlations/Regressions | 3 | 8.8 | 2 | 7.4 | 1 | 16.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
| JOURNAL | ||||||||
| Behavior Research Methods | 27 | 49.1 | 24 | 61.5 | 2 | 14.3 | 1 | 50.0 |
| PLoS ONE | 4 | 7.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 21.4 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Laboratório de Psicologia | 3 | 5.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Journal of Psycholinguistic Research | 2 | 3.6 | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology | 2 | 3.6 | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Frontiers in Psychology | 2 | 3.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Applied Neuropsychology | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | 1 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Brain and Cognition | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Neurological Sciences | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Aging. Neuropsychology. and Cognition | 1 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Journal of Experimental Child Psychology | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Scandinavian Journal of Psychology | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Perception | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Acta Psychologica | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Journal of Memory and Language | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| CITATIONS GOOGLE SCHOLAR | ||||||||
| Up to 50 | 32 | 58.2 | 20 | 51.3 | 10 | 71.4 | 2 | 100.0 |
| 51–100 | 9 | 16.4 | 6 | 15.4 | 3 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 101+ | 14 | 25.5 | 13 | 33.3 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| CITATIONS SCOPUS | ||||||||
| Up to 50 | 38 | 69.1 | 25 | 64.1 | 11 | 78.6 | 2 | 100.0 |
| 51–100 | 6 | 10.9 | 4 | 10.3 | 2 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 101+ | 11 | 20.0 | 10 | 25.6 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| CITATIONS WoS | ||||||||
| Up to 50 | 40 | 72.7 | 25 | 64.1 | 13 | 92.9 | 2 | 100.0 |
| 51–100 | 4 | 7.3 | 4 | 10.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 101+ | 11 | 20.0 | 10 | 25.6 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| PAPER AVAILABILITY | ||||||||
| Available online | 54 | 98.2 | 38 | 97.4 | 14 | 100.0 | 2 | 100.0 |
| Conditionally available online | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| DATASET AVAILABILITY | ||||||||
| Freely available | 42 | 76.4 | 30 | 76.9 | 10 | 71.4 | 2 | 100.0 |
| Conditionally available | 4 | 7.3 | 3 | 7.7 | 1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Not available | 9 | 16.4 | 6 | 15.4 | 3 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 |