Table 1.
Patient demographics.
| Patient number | Age | Duration of epilepsy (years) | Failed AEDs | Seizure frequency | Seizure onset zone | MRI findings | Aura | Semiology | Prior Surgery | RNS Implant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45–49 | 31 | 11 | 1–2/week | Left mesial temporal | L MTS | Fear, warmth | Staring, automatisms | Right ATL; VNS (removed) | L hippocampus; L temporal strip |
| 2 | 60–64 | 43 | 4 | 1–3/week | Bilateral mesial temporal | Bilateral MTS | None | Slowed blinking; LOC; generalized convulsions | none | bilateral hippocampal |
| 3 | 40–44 | 4 | 3 | 1–2/month | Left inferior temporal gyrus | L incomplete hippocampal inversion | Weird feeling | Alexia, aphasia, impaired awareness; GTC | none | L hippocampus; L anterior subtemporal strip |
| 4 | 25–29 | 16 | 3 | 10–12/day | Left temporal | L MTS; tectal glioma | None | Left eye gaze, hand dystonia, amnesia, motor aphasia, oral automatisms | numerous surgeries for tumor and VP shunt | L hippocampus; L parahippocampus |
| 5 | 30–34 | 4 | 4 | 1/week | Left mesial temporal | None | None | Loss of awareness, behavioral arrest | none | bilateral hippocampal |
| 8 | 25–29 | 3 | 2 | 2/week | Bilateral mesial temporal | Possible small L temporal encephalocele | None | Growling noise; eyes roll back; body stiffening and shaking | none | bilateral hippocampal |
| 6 | 60–64 | 23 | 12 | 1/week | Bilateral mesial temporal | None | Rotten meat smell | Salivation, behavioral arrest, lip smacking, confusion | none | bilateral hippocampal |
| 7 | 55–59 | 37 | 5 | 1–2/week | Left mesial temporal | L MTS | Chills | Staring, right hand posturing, motor automatisms, head turn, LOC | none | bilateral hippocampal; L inferior temporal lobe strip |
| 9 | 35–39 | 9 | 4 | <1/month | Bilateral mesial temporal | L MTS | Bilateral arm tingling | Loss of awareness, vocalization, body shaking | none | bilateral hippocampal; L subtemporal strip |
| 10 | 35–39 | 14 | 7 | 1–2/week | Bilateral mesial temporal | None | déjà vu | Staring, perseveration, bitter taste, altered awareness, orolingual automatisms | none | bilateral hippocampal |
All patients had medically refractory epilepsy with seizure onset zone either in the left mesial temporal or bilateral mesial temporal regions. These patients were not considered to be candidates for resective or ablative surgeries after review at a multidisciplinary epilepsy conference. AED, antiepileptic drug; ATL, anterior temporal lobectomy; GTC, generalized tonic clonic; L, left; LOC, loss of consciousness; MTS, mesial temporal sclerosis; VNS, vagus nerve stimulator.