Table 1.
Clinic, therapy, and glycemic control parameters in children and adolescents with T1D.
| Variable/Observation period | T0 | T1 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (Males/Females) (%) | 31/31 (50/50) | 31/31 (50/50) | – |
| Age (years) | 11.1 ± 4.37 (10.9) | 11.4 ± 4.37 (11.2) | <0.0001 |
| T1D time disease (years) | 4.89 ± 4.23 (3.67) | 5.19 ± 4.22 (3.97) | <0.0001 |
| Puberty (NO/YES) (%) | 34/28 (54.8/45.2) | 34/28 (54.8/45.2) | – |
| Insulin delivery method (MDI/CSII) (%) | 33/29 (53.2/46.8) | 33/29 (53.2/46.8) | – |
| Meal-Time insulin (IU/kg/day) | 0.40 ± 0.14 (0.38) | 0.40 ± 0.13 (0.38) | 0.546 |
| Basal insulin (IU/kg/day) | 0.32 ± 0.13 (0.33) | 0.34 ± 0.13 (0.34) | 0.027 |
| TDD insulin (IU/kg/day) | 0.72 ± 0.22 (0.73) | 0.74 ± 0.19 (0.77) | 0.186 |
| Physical Activity (h/week) | 3.27 ± 2.82 (2.00) | 0.24 ± 0.59 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
| GMI (%); (mmol/mol) | 7.45 ± 0.74 (7.40); 57.9 ± 8.13 (57.4) | 7.35 ± 0.72 (7.25); 56.9 ± 7.89 (55.7) | 0.069; 0.071 |
| GMI ≤7.0% (YES/NO) (%) | 22/40 (35.5/64.5) | 21/41 (33.9/66.1) | χ2 = 34.9; p <0.0001 |
| Average glucose (mg/dl) | 167.4 ± 21.6 (166.0) | 164.6 ± 21.1 (162.0) | 0.058 |
| SD glucose (mg/dl) | 60.8 ± 11.8 (61.5) | 57.6 ± 10.8 (58.0) | <0.0001 |
| %CV (%) | 36.3 ± 5.31 (36.1) | 34.9 ± 4.90 (34.0) | 0.001 |
| TBR<70 (%); TBR<54 (%) | 2.63 ± 2.37 (1.85); 0.50 ± 0.63 (0.30) | 2.13 ± 2.41 (1.45); 0.34 ± 0.53 (0.20) | 0.001; 0.002 |
| TIR70-180 (%) | 60.0 ± 13.1 (60.5) | 62.1 ± 13.7 (63.5) | 0.008 |
| TAR>180 (%); TAR>250 (%) | 37.8 ± 13.9 (37.3); 11.4 ± 7.77 (10.0) | 35.7 ± 14.4 (34.1); 9.74 ± 7.00 (8.95) | 0.048; <0.001 |
| Sensor usage (%) | 92.0 ± 11.3 (96.5) | 91.8 ± 12.1 (96.5) | 0.755 |
Continuous data are reported as mean ± SD (median) ; categorical as absolute frequencies (percent values).
CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; CV, coefficient of variation; GMI, glucose management indicator; MDI, multiple daily injections; SD, standard deviation; T1D, type 1 diabetes; TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; TDD, total daily dose; TIR, time in range.