. 2020 Dec 9;11:584380. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584380

TABLE 4.

The main microbial pathways grouped into level-3 KEGG functional categories using PICRUSt.

KEGG pathways	CON¹	SE	0.5%InSE	1%InSE	p-value
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Bacterial secretion system	0.880.001^b	0.810.01^d	0.900.01^a	0.850.001^c	<0.0001
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Starch and sucrose metabolism	2.140.09^a	2.240.07^a	1.930.01^b	2.160.09^a	0.0057
Galactose metabolism	1.310.01^c	1.570.04^a	1.310.02^c	1.480.01^b	<0.0001
Fructose and mannose metabolism	0.850.01^c	1.120.04^a	0.940.01^b	0.940.02^b	<0.0001
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism	0.820.01^b	0.850.01^a	0.760.01^c	0.800.01^b	<0.0001
Propanoate metabolism	0.850.02^a	0.730.01^b	0.840.01^a	0.830.008^a	<0.0001
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	0.610.01^c	0.730.009^a	0.570.004^d	0.680.004^b	<0.0001
Pentose and glucuronate interconversions	0.670.03^b	0.780.01^a	0.600.02^c	0.640.02^c	<0.0001
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism	0.310.01^b	0.450.01^a	0.310.01^b	0.300.01^b	<0.0001
GLYCAN BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis	1.550.05^b	1.350.03^d	1.820.08^a	1.440.03^c	<0.0001
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis	0.180.004^c	0.250.01^a	0.170.004^c	0.200.003^b	<0.0001
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Alanine. aspartate and glutamate metabolism	1.390.03^b	1.430.005^a	1.320.002^c	1.310.004^c	<0.0001
Histidine metabolism	0.610.006^b	0.660.01^a	0.570.01^b	0.590.02^c	<0.0001
Arginine and proline metabolism	0.470.004^b	0.540.01^a	0.460.004^c	0.500.002^d	<0.0001
Phenylalanine metabolism	0.250.01^b	0.290.01^a	0.220.01^b	0.240.01^c	0.0002
Tyrosine metabolism	0.190.01^c	0.300.01^a	0.190.01^c	0.220.01^b	<0.0001
REPLICATION AND REPAIR
Homologous recombination	1.620.03^b	1.430.05^c	1.750.04^a	1.630.08^b	0.0006
Mismatch repair	1.320.04^b	1.170.03^c	1.460.02^a	1.350.06^b	0.0002
DNA replication	1.170.02^b	1.010.03^c	1.250.02^a	1.170.06^b	0.0005
Base excision repair	0.660.004^b	0.610.01^c	0.710.02^a	0.650.03^b	0.0005
Nucleotide excision repair	0.670.03^b	0.610.03^c	0.780.02^a	0.690.01^b	<0.0001
ENERGY METABOLISM
Nitrogen metabolism	0.440.01^b	0.460.01^a	0.390.01^c	0.400.003^c	<0.0001
Sulfur metabolism	0.360.01^c	0.450.01^a	0.360.003^c	0.400.02^b	<0.0001
TRANSLATION
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis	1.880.03^b	1.650.06^c	2.100.03^a	1.850.06^b	<0.0001
Ribosome	3.470.01^b	3.080.16^c	3.850.15^a	3.470.20^b	0.0028
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
Purine metabolism	3.380.02^b	3.170.04^c	3.540.01^a	3.450.09^a	0.0001
Pyrimidine metabolism	2.830.02^b	2.730.03^c	3.050.07^a	2.890.05^b	0.0001
METABOLISM OF COFACTORS AND VITAMINS
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis	0.760.03^b	0.800.01^a	0.670.01^c	0.750.02^b	0.0005
Folate biosynthesis	0.380.01^c	0.550.01^a	0.390.004^c	0.450.03^b	<0.0001

^a–dMeans within rows with different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹CON: basal diet without inulin supplementation; SE: Salmonella-infected chicken fed with basal diet; 0.5% InSE: Salmonella-infected chicken fed with 0.5% inulin; 1% InSE: Salmonella-infected chicken fed with 1% inulin.