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. 2020 Dec 3;11:574057. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574057

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Copyright © 2020 Cross, Verheul, Leipold, Obermoser, Jin, Jones, Starr, Mohorianu, Blohmke, Maecker, Napolitani, Hill and Pollard

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Vi-vaccine plasma cell responses have differential associations with protection from typhoid fever. The association between protection from disease and (A) the total plasma cell response (Vi-TT, n = 19, Vi-PS, n = 20) (B) the IgA+ CCR10+ plasma cell response (Vi-TT, n = 17, Vi-PS, n = 20) or (C) the IgA- CCR10- plasma cell response (Vi-TT, n = 19, Vi-PS, n = 20) is shown for both vaccine groups. Significance was determined by a Mann-Whitney test. *p < 0.05. D0, Day 0, day of vaccination; D7, 7 days after vaccination; Vi-PS, Vi-polysaccharide vaccine; Vi-TT, Vi-tetanus conjugate vaccine, nTD, not diagnosed with typhoid fever, TD, diagnosed with typhoid fever, TD = diagnosed with typhoid fever.