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. 2020 Dec 9;8:529244. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.529244

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Copyright © 2020 Taghizadeh, Ghavami, Derakhshankhah, Zangene, Razmi, Jaymand, Zarrintaj, Zarghami, Jaafari, Moallem Shahri, Moghaddasian, Tayebi and Izadi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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An engineered heterogeneous valve scaffold with poly-ethylene glycol-diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels/alginate, supplemented with porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVIC) by 3D-printing/photocrosslinking technique (a) 3D Printer setup of heterogeneous valve scaffolds. (b–f) Axisymmetric valve STL file of valve, micro-CT scan of aortic valve, the leaflet and root regions, the printable STL geometries of the threshold regions and the printing software sliced the geometries into layers and generated extrusion paths for each layer. Reprinted with permission from Hockaday et al. (2012). Copyright (2012), IOP science Publishing Ltd.