Table 2.

Virucidal efficacy of disinfectants against coronaviruses.

Disinfectant	Type of assay	Concentration	Exposure time	Virus	Reduction of viral infectivity	Reference
Ethanol	suspension test	80%	30s	SARS-CoV strain FFM-1	≥4.25	Rabenau et al. (2005)
		85%	30s	SARS-CoV strain FFM-1	≥5.5
		95%	30s	SARS-CoV strain FFM-1	≥5.5
		70%	10min	MHV-2	>4.20	Saknimit, Inatsuki, Sugiyama, and Yagami (1988)
		70%	10min	MHV-N	>3.91
		70%	10min	CCV strain I-71	>3.28
		78%	30s	SARS-CoV strain FFM-1	≥5.01	Rabenau et al. (2005)
		20%	30s	SARS-CoV-2	1.08	Yin, Ling, Hong, and Yan (2020)
		20%	1min	SARS-CoV-2	1.33
		20%	3min	SARS-CoV-2	1.75
		20%	5min	SARS-CoV-2	1.92
		30%	30s	SARS-CoV-2	4.42
		30%	1min, 3min, 5min	SARS-CoV-2	≥4.75
		40, 50, 60, 75%	30s, 1min, 3min, 5min	SARS-CoV-2	≥4.75
	QCT with stainless steel	70%	1min	HCoV 229E	≥3.0	Satter et al. (1989)
		62%	1min	MHV	2.66	Hulkower, Casanova, Rutala, Weber, and Sobsey (2011)
		70%	1min	MHV	3.92
		71%	1min	MHV	1.98
		62%	1min	TGEV	4.04
		70%	1min	TGEV	3.19
		71%	1min	TGEV	3.51
Sodium Hypochlorite	suspension test	0.001%	10min	MHV-2	0.57	Saknimit et al. (1988)
		0.001%	10min	MHV-N	0.26
		0.001%	10min	CCV strain I-71	0.90
		0.01%	10min	MHV-2	2.82
		0.01%	10min	MHV-N	2.26
		0.01%	10min	CCV strain I-71	1.05
		0.21%	30s	MHV-1	≥4.0	Dellanno, Vega, and Boesenberg (2009)
	QCT with stainless steel	0.06%	1min	MHV	0.62	Hulkower et al. (2011)
		0.06%	1min	TGEV	0.35
		0.01%	1min	HCoV 229E	<3.0	Satter et al. (1989)
		0.1%	1min	HCoV 229E	>3.0
		0.5%	1min	HCoV 229E	>3.0
Hydrogen Peroxide	suspension test	0.5%	1min	HCoV 229E	>4.0	Omidbakhsh and Sattar (2006)
MHV: Murine coronavirus, CCV: Canine coronavirus, HCoV: Human coronavirus, TGEV: A coronavirus which infects pigs