Table 3.
Other pharmacological therapies with anti-inflammatory activity for stroke therapy.
| Cell types | inhibitors | Study organism | Experimental study | Biological effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microglia | .Melatonin (20 mg/kg. IP) | Male C57BL/6 J mice (8–10 wk) | dMCAO | STAT3 mediated pathway with ↓ In pSTAT3. CD11b. CD86, iNOS, TNF-α. 1L-6. and IL-1β and ↑ in CD206. Arg-1. YM1/2, TGF-β. IL-10 | (Liu et al., 2019) |
| Berberine hydrochloride. BP1108 (50 mg/kg/day) | Male C57BL/6 mice | tMCAO (45 min) | AMPK mediated signaling with ↓ in IL-1β. CD32. TNF-α. and iNOS, p-AMPK and ↑ in CD206. Arg-1. IL-10, Ym1/2 | (Zhu et al., 2019) | |
| α-lipoid acid (50 mg/kg) | Male SD | MCAO (30 min) | ↓ in lba-1-TNF-α-specifk cells | (Wu et al., 2016) | |
| Neurons | Fluoxetine (40 mg/kg. IP) | C57B1V6 J mice (3 mo.) | t.MCAO (1 h)/24hR. Drug administered 1 h and 12 h after tMCAO | Fluoxetine was inhibiting IL-10. Bax. and p53 and ↑anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 level. | (Shan et al., 2016) |
| JNK inhibitor SP 600125 and the ET-1 antagonist BQ 123 | Yorkshire pigs (1.1–1.6 kg; 2–7 days old) | Photothrombotic stroke | ↓ in 1L-6 levels | (Armstead et al., 2019) | |
| Neutrophils | rtPA (10 mg/kg. femoral vein) and NLRP3 shRNA | SD rats | Thromboembolic focal cerebral ischemia model | PPARY/SIRT6/Fox03a mediated pathway with ↑ in PPARγ. SIRT6 and ↓ in p-FoxO3a. 1L-6, IL-1β. TNF-α; inhibited the microglia activation and neutrophils infiltration | (Guo et al., 2018b) |
Table Abbreviations, ↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease: −: No change; IL-lα: Interleukin 1 alpha: Intracerebroventricular. IA: Intra Arterial; IP. Intraperitoncally; IV: Intravenously; min: Minutes; hr. Hours; mo: Month: wk.: Week; Yr: year; 1L Interleukin; dMCAO: Distal middle cerebral artery occlusion; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; pSTAT3: Phospho- signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; CD: Cluster Of Differentiation; IL-1β: Interleukin 1 Beta; TNF: tumor necrosis factor, TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor Beta; p-AMPK: Phospho-AMPK;PPARs: Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors; SIRT6: Sirtuin 6; FOXO: Forkhcad box class O; Arg1: Arginase-1;; tMCAO: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ET-1: Endothelin 1; ET-1: Endothelin 1; PPARγ: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma: NLRP3:NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3; FOXP3:Forkhcad Box P3: Sirt6:Sirtuin 6; Ibal: Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1.