Table 1.
Demographic, childhood maltreatment, and familial characteristics stratified by group.
| FH− (N = 26) | FH+ (N = 21) | p value | FH+DEP− (N = 9) | FH+DEP+ (N = 12) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Mean age (SD) | 21 (2) | 21 (2) | 0.7 | 21 (2) | 21 (2) | 0.9 |
| Number of females (%) | 19 (73) | 17 (81) | 0.7 F | 6 (67) | 11 (92) | 0.3F |
| Mean WASI-II FSIQ-2a (SD) | 118 (14) | 117 (12) | 0.7 | 117 (14) | 117 (11) | 1 |
| Childhood Maltreatment (CTQ)b | ||||||
| CTQ total score (SD) | 33 (8) | 45 (15) | < 0.001U | 36 (8) | 51 (16) | 0.01 |
| CTQ range | 25 – 54 | 27 – 85 | 27 – 53 | 27–85 | ||
| Comorbiditiesc | ||||||
| Current alcohol use disorders (AUDs): | ||||||
| AUD—mild (%) | 0 | 1 (5) | 0.5F | 0 | 1 (8) | 1F |
| Past alcohol use disorders (AUDs): | ||||||
| AUD—mild (%) | 1 (4) | 2 (10) | 0.6F | 1 (11) | 1 (8) | 1F |
| Current substance use disorder (SUDs): | ||||||
| Cannabis use disorder—mild (%) | 1 (4) | 1 (5) | 1F | 1 (11) | 0 | 0.4F |
| Cannabis use disorder—moderate (%) | 1 (4) | 0 | 1F | 0 | 0 | – |
| Past substance use disorder (SUDs): | ||||||
| Cannabis use disorder—mild (%) | 1 (4) | 0 | 1F | 0 | 0 | – |
| Cannabis use disorder—severe (%) | 0 | 1 (5) | 0.5F | 0 | 1 (8) | 1F |
| Past major depressive episode (%) | 0 | 12 (57) | < 0.001F | 0 | 12 (100) | < 0.001F |
| Anxiety disordersd (%) | 0 | 7 (33) | 0.002F | 2 (22) | 5 (42) | 0.6F |
| Urinary toxicology screen | ||||||
| Tetrahydrocannabinol (%) | 3 (12) | 1 (5) | 0.3F | 1 (11) | 0 | 0.4F |
| Amphetamines (%) | 1 (4)e | 0 | 1F | 0 | 0 | – |
| Family history | ||||||
| Bipolar disorder (%) | 0 | 21 (100) | < 0.001F | 9 (100) | 12 (100) | 1F |
| Depression (%) | 9 (35) | 11 (52) | 0.3 | 4 (44) | 7 (58) | 0.7F |
| Anxiety (%) | 5 (19) | 12 (57) | 0.01 | 5 (56) | 7 (58) | 1F |
| ADHD (%) | 2 (8) | 3 (14) | 0.6F | 1 (11) | 2 (17) | 1F |
| Alcohol use problems (%) | 7 (27) | 18 (86) | < 0.001F | 7 (78) | 11 (92) | 0.6F |
| Substance use problems (%) | 3 (12) | 12 (57) | < 0.001F | 4 (44) | 8 (67) | 0.4F |
Entire sample [bipolar disorder family history negative (FH−) vs. bipolar disorder family history positive (FH+)] and FH+ subgroup [FH+ individuals without a history of unipolar depression (FH+DEP) vs. FH+ individuals with a history of unipolar depression (FH+ DEP+)] between-group differences in age, IQ, and CTQ were compared using a two-sample t-test. All other factors were examined with a Mann–Whitney Wilcoxon Test, Chi-square, or Fisher Exact tests, as appropriate.
aFSIQ-2 represents the composite score for the full-scale intelligence quotient comprising verbal comprehension and matrix reasoning subtests on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition (WASI-II).
bChildhood Trauma Questionnaire.
cNo individuals presented with comorbid AUD and SUD. dAnxiety disorders included generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
eIndividual who tested positive for amphetamines also tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol.
URepresents p-values calculated with Mann–Whitney Wilcoxon Test.
FRepresents p-values calculated with Fisher exact test.