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. 2021 Jan 8;4:52. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01563-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a miRNAs produced in unparasitized S. litura (HSL-CN) and S. manilae-parasitized S. litura (PSL-36; 36 h post-parasitism). Genes that may be affected by mature miRNAs expression in S. manilae-parasitized S. litura were identified by miRBase and classified according to their involved biological processes (b), cellular compartments (c), and molecular functions (d). e miRNAs produced in S. litura after S. manilae parasitism with gene targets predicted in the Toll and JAK/STAT pathways. f The expression levels of 11 predicted miRNAs were quantified by a stem-loop qPCR in S. litura third-instar larvae 48 h after S. manilae parasitism. The expression of let-7 miRNA serves as a positive control. g The expression levels of 11 predicted miRNAs were quantified using stem-loop qPCR in SL1A cells 48 h after SmBV infection, with let-7 miRNA as the positive control. A Ct value of 35 was set to be the cutoff for detection. h miR-199b-5p and miR-2989 are present on MdBV genome segments I and K. The red bars represent the locations of the two precursors. At least three repetitions were conducted for each group. p-value were calculated using Student’s t-test (*p < 0.05).