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. 2021 Jan 8;4:52. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01563-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Upon the parasitism of wasp S. manilae to its host S. litura, the symbiotic SmBV integrates viral DNA into the host genome in hemocytes, and subsequently expresses miR-199b-5p and miR-2989 that inhibit signal transductions in JAK/STAT and Toll pathways, respectively. These suppressions indirectly block the function of STAT and Dif, alongside AMP synthesis inhibition, resulting in decreased immunity in plasmatocytes and increased pupation rate of the wasp larvae in the host.