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. 2021 Jan 8;11:238. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80312-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Each stage can be trained separately. Compared with end-to-end structure, this multi-stage pipeline has an advantage as being modular where each stage can be trained independently with various databases. This advantage could be highly valuable when this pipeline needs to be applied to a new database and only one or two stage needs to be retrained.