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. 2021 Jan 8;12:193. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20435-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Country cases are identified based on the results shown in Fig. 1a–d. Each pair includes two countries at the same income level (World Bank’s fiscal year 2015) experiencing similar hazard impacts (normalized measures) but different levels of average PFA changes (Cabo Verde and Swaziland, lower–middle-income category [orange]; Chile and Japan, high-income category [blue, dashed line]), and two countries experiencing different hazard impacts but similar levels of average PFA changes (Canada+Australia, high-income category [blue]; Bangladesh+Sri Lanka, lower–middle-income category [orange, dashed line]). Frequency and severity measures are normalized in relation to the 30-year baseline. All other countries (n = 77) included in the study are shaded (dark gray). Source Data are provided as a Source data file. World map created using a dataset in shapefile format downloaded (November 12, 2020) from http://thematicmapping.org/downloads/world_borders.php under the Creative Commons Licence Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ (no modifications made to the material). Icons source: OCHA (United Nations for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), downloaded (November 12, 2020) for free on ReliefWeb: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/world-humanitarian-and-country-icons-2012.