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. 2021 Jan 8;11:33. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79659-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Device diagrams and schematic of the connection during the measurements. (a) 3D samples and (b) 2D/3D hybrid samples. The insets show the energy band-gap diagram of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). (c) shows the schematic of the EFISHG measurement system used to analyze both types of the samples, and (d) gives the illustration of the orientation of the 3D samples (a similar setup was used for the 2D/3D hybrid samples.