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. 2021 Jan 8;11:33. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79659-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-resolved EFISHG results of both 3D and 2D/3D hybrid PSCs. (a) shows the 3D and 2D/3D hybrid samples; the dotted lines' difference presents the charge accumulation in the 3D sample. (b,c) illustrates the time-resolved EFISHG measurements of the fresh and aged 3D and 2D/3D hybrid samples. AC square wave (− 3 V) with a pulse width of 100 µs was applied to the Au electrode with reference to FTO.