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. 2021 Jan 8;11:42. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79779-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell viability assay. (a) Cytotoxicity in T98G cell line (left) and HACAT non-cancerous cell line (right) following 72 h treatment with Tip and Middle extracts from the same DAV. (b) Dose-dependent representation for T98G (left) and HACAT (right) cell lines following 72 h treatment with TMZ. (c) Cytotoxicity in A172 (left) and HEK293 (right) cell lines following 72 h treatment with DAV extract and TMZ. Values are shown in μg/mL. T tip portion, M middle portion, Z TMZ. Linear mixed models to assess the effects of treatments were used. Data are means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 3). P-value of the significant pairwise comparison against control (⁺P = 0.1–0.05, *P = 0.05–0.01, **P = 0.01–0.001, ***P ≤ 0.001).