Table 1.
Microbial-derived products detected in maternal plasma.
| Metabolite | HMDB ID | F–C | p-Value | q-Value | Rel. abundance | %Pos samples | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alc/Cont | Cont | Alc | Cont | Alc | ||||
| Plant Phenolics | ||||||||
| Benzoate | HMDB01870 | 1.07 | 0.2359 | 0.4631 | 958,546 ± 215,335 | 1,078,999 ± 62,041 | 100 | 100 |
| Salicylate | HMDB01895 | 3.11 | 0.0006 | 0.0076 | 2.14 ± 0.57E+07 | 7.70 ± 3.01 | 100 | 100 |
| Gentisate | HMDB00152 | 3.99 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 225,041 ± 189,114 | 1,225,172 ± 518,151 | 100 | 100 |
| 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | HMDB13676 | 2.54 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 5.42 ± 0.79E+07 | 1.22 ± 2.95E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate | 3.13 | 0.0006 | 0.0097 | 20,506 ± 0 | 73,411 ± 40,088 | 11 | 88 | |
| 2-Aminophenol sulfate | HMDB61116 | 1.89 | 0.0082 | 0.0462 | 29,136 ± 2730 | 70,453 ± 13,683 | 44 | 88 |
| Hippurate | HMDB00714 | 3.37 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 3.16 ± 2.05E+07 | 11.6 ± 5.27E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| 2-Hydroxyhippurate | HMDB00840 | 2.91 | 0.0040 | 0.0277 | 127,409 ± 15,397 | 295,330 ± 251,375 | 56 | 100 |
| 4-Hydroxyhippurate | HMDB13678 | 2.68 | 0.0010 | 0.0100 | 143,377 ± 82,882 | 387,206 ± 51,704 | 100 | 100 |
| Catechol sulfate | HMDB59724 | 7.41 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 491,694 ± 234,179 | 4,874,352 ± 2,650,700 | 100 | 100 |
| 4-Methylcatechol sulfate | 3.11 | 0.0002 | 0.0030 | 1.20 ± 0.40E+07 | 2.94 ± 1.09E+07 | 100 | 100 | |
| 4-Vinylcatechol sulfate | 3.91 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 252,230 ± 207,416 | 645,391 ± 188,414 | 100 | 100 | |
| 4-Methylbenzenesulfonate | 1.05 | 0.6058 | 0.8168 | 117,042 ± 7652 | 133,763 ± 17,266 | 100 | 100 | |
| p-Cresol sulfate | HMDB11635 | 1.03 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.32 ± 0.29E+08 | 1.29 ± 0.19 + 08 | 100 | 100 |
| p-Cresol glucuronide | HMDB11686 | 0.80 | 0.1389 | 0.3169 | 6.17 ± 1.32E+07 | 4.40 ± 1.85E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Phenol sulfate | HMDB60015 | 3.20 | 0.0016 | 0.0139 | 4.25 ± 3.36E+07 | 15.45 ± 7.43E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| 4-Acetylphenol sulfate | 7.69 | 0.0004 | 0.0066 | 53,565 ± 12,600 | 254,938 ± 162,332 | 22 | 100 | |
| 3-Ethylphenylsulfate | HMDB62721 | 2.05 | 0.0006 | 0.0076 | 144,522 ± 52,789 | 265,503 ± 84,944 | 100 | 100 |
| 4-Ethylphenylsulfate | HMDB62551 | 2.11 | 0.0037 | 0.0255 | 800,922 ± 448,872 | 1,720,531 ± 671,132 | 100 | 100 |
| 4-Ethylphenol glucuronide | 3.28 | 0.0006 | 0.0076 | 44,781 ± 22,943 | 156,697 ± 26,135 | 78 | 100 | |
| 4-Vinylphenol sulfate | HMDB62775 | 1.91 | 0.0010 | 0.0100 | 4.76 ± 2.20E+07 | 9.46 ± 0.26E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| 3-Phenylpropionate | HMDB00764 | 3.69 | 0.0006 | 0.0076 | 0.56 ± 0.32E+07 | 1.96 ± 1.23E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionate sulfate | 2.61 | 0.0083 | 0.0462 | 121,465 ± 0 | 220,591 ± 197,731 | 11 | 88 | |
| 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionate | HMDB02199 | 3.45 | 0.0031 | 0.0244 | 88,159 ± 49,748 | 266,463 ± 196,354 | 67 | 100 |
| Cinnamate | HMDB00930 | 5.28 | 0.0006 | 0.0076 | 57,488 ± 14,984 | 292,667 ± 156,654 | 89 | 100 |
| Cinnamoylglycine | HMDB11621 | 4.86 | 0.0013 | 0.0126 | 190,747 ± 48,511 | 767,472 ± 534,399 | 89 | 100 |
| 4-Hydroxycinnamate | HMDB02035 | 7.23 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 0.37 ± 0.26E+07 | 1.94 ± 0.40E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| 4-Hydroxycinnamate sulfate | 7.57 | 0.0006 | 0.0076 | 118,831 ± 57,335 | 435,877 ± 217,416 | 78 | 100 | |
| Caffeic acid sulfate | HMDB41708 | 3.21 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 6.86 ± 5.08E+07 | 2.08 ± 5.66E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Dihydrocaffeate sulfate | 1.44 | 0.0592 | 0.1859 | 124,031 ± 45,309 | 17,689 9 ± 35,472 | 100 | 100 | |
| 4-Allylphenol sulfate | 2.53 | 0.0139 | 0.0680 | 283,211 ± 367,729 | 562,278 ± 71,665 | 78 | 100 | |
| Ferulic acid 4-sulfate | HMDB29200 | 4.50 | 0.0005 | 0.0076 | 64,588 ± 33,678 | 270,978 ± 56,994 | 56 | 100 |
| Salicin | HMDB03546 | 12.98 | 0.0006 | 0.0097 | 83,702 ± 86,337 | 363,162 ± 363,699 | 33 | 100 |
| Enterolactone | 1.64 | 0.0016 | 0.0139 | 0.89 ± 3.93E+07 | 1.44 ± 0.24E+07 | 100 | 100 | |
| Enterolactone sulfate | 5.32 | 0.0025 | 0.0183 | 43,661 ± 19,659 | 313,537 ± 289,225 | 100 | 100 | |
| Thymol sulfate | HMDB01878 | 1.96 | 0.2739 | 0.4964 | 48,567 ± 6615 | 41,271 ± 20,617 | 33 | 75 |
| Indole derivatives | ||||||||
| 1H-Indole-7-acetic acid | 1.32 | 0.5634 | 0.7981 | 79,213 ± 20,397 | 116,675 ± 89,689 | 89 | 100 | |
| 2-Oxindole-3-acetate | HMDB35514 | 1.32 | 0.1315 | 0.3170 | 43,730 ± 12,970 | 46,591 ± 11,210 | 22 | 75 |
| 3-Formylindole | HMDB29737 | 1.50 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 6.70 ± 1.01E+07 | 9.55 ± 0.65E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| 3-Indoleglyoxylic acid | 1.48 | 0.0016 | 0.0139 | 5.37 ± 0.71E+07 | 6.74 ± 1.32 | 100 | 100 | |
| 6-Hydroxyindole sulfate | 0.99 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 324,828 ± 69,170 | 312,948 ± 117,634 | 100 | 100 | |
| Indoleacetate | HMDB00197 | 1.46 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 1.12 ± 0.11E+07 | 1.67 ± 0.25 | 100 | 100 |
| Indolelactate | HMDB00671 | 1.76 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 2.91 ± 0.58E+08 | 4.85 ± 0.96E+08 | 100 | 100 |
| Indolepropionate | MMDB02302 | 0.41 | 0.0016 | 0.0139 | 1.28 ± 0.56E+08 | 0.67 ± 0.27E+08 | 100 | 100 |
| Indolin-2-one | 1.47 | 0.0152 | 0.0680 | 307,433 ± 108,591 | 468,992 ± 104,000 | 100 | 100 | |
| Methyl indole-3-acetate | HMDB29738 | 0.77 | 0.5414 | 0.7682 | 731,266 ± 192,684 | 647,994 ± 338,340 | 100 | 100 |
| Sugars and derivatives | ||||||||
| Erythritol | HMDB02994 | 1.10 | 0.6730 | 0.8549 | 386,441 ± 51,606 | 407,249 ± 115,312 | 100 | 100 |
| Gluconate | HMDB00625 | 1.39 | 0.0744 | 0.2131 | 1.55 ± 0.23E+07 | 2.08 ± 0.55E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Mannonate | 1.21 | 0.6730 | 0.8549 | 6.10 ± 2.15E+07 | 7.34 ± 1.11E+07 | 100 | 100 | |
| Ribitol | HMDB00508 | 2.23 | 0.0037 | 0.0255 | 504,272 ± 55,398 | 845,683 ± 468,022 | 100 | 100 |
| Tartarate | HMDB00956 | 1.59 | 0.0274 | 0.1017 | 2.30 ± 1.13E+08 | 3.22 ± 1.02E+08 | 100 | 100 |
| Tartronate (hydroxymalonate) | HMDB35227 | 1.68 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 1.52 ± 0.21E+07 | 2.44 ± 0.23E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Threonate | HMDB00943 | 1.86 | 0.0001 | 0.0021 | 4.04 ± 1.04E+08 | 7.19 ± 1.26E+08 | 100 | 100 |
| Betaines | ||||||||
| Ergothioneine | HMDB03045 | 1.92 | 0.0016 | 0.0139 | 1.23 ± 0.30E+07 | 2.35 ± 1.09 | 100 | 100 |
| Hercynine | 1.99 | 0.0272 | 0.1017 | 340,969 ± 0 | 227,104 ± 118,864 | 11 | 88 | |
| Stachydrine | HMDB04827 | 0.92 | 0.1139 | 0.2850 | 1.46 ± 0.64E+07 | 2.21 ± 1.00E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Plant sterols | ||||||||
| Beta-sitosterol | HMDB00852 | 1.40 | 0.0111 | 0.0557 | 0.72 ± 0.22E+07 | 1.01 ± 0.21 | 100 | 100 |
| Campesterol | HMDB02869 | 1.28 | 0.0079 | 0.0449 | 2.00 ± 0.61E+07 | 2.64 ± 0.26 | 100 | 100 |
| Secondary bile acids | ||||||||
| 3-Dehydrocholate | HMDB00502 | 0.09 | 0.5911 | 0.8168 | 2.39 ± 3.21E+07 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 33 | 38 |
| 6-Beta-hydroxylithocholate | HMDB00811 | 0.35 | 0.7430 | 0.8818 | 52,548 ± 37,161 | 126,467 ± 56,019 | 100 | 100 |
| 7-Ketodeoxycholate | HMDB00391 | 0.15 | 0.2766 | 0.4964 | 1.37 ± 1.24E+07 | 0.94 ± 0.60E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| 12-Dehydrocholate | HMDB00400 | 0.02 | 0.0023 | 0.0193 | 152,421 ± 178,862 | 94,362 ± 0 | 100 | 12 |
| Deoxycholate | HMDB00626 | 0.43 | 0.4807 | 0.7171 | 7.72 ± 0.63E+07 | 4.71 ± 1.96E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Glycocholate | HMDB00138 | 1.47 | 0.1603 | 0.3577 | 138,596 ± 160,488 | 289,158 ± 259,334 | 67 | 10 |
| Taurodeoxycholate | HMDB00896 | 0.48 | 0.1139 | 0.2850 | 1.23 ± 0.91E+07 | 3.12 ± 1.79E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Tauroursodeoxycholate | HMDB00874 | 0.26 | 0.8148 | 0.9162 | 2.82 ± 1.31E+07 | 3.86 ± 0.71E+07 | 100 | 100 |
| Taurohyodeoxycholic acid | 2.21 | 0.0220 | 0.0905 | 0.34 ± 0.38E+07 | 1.92 ± 1.34E+07 | 56 | 100 | |
| Ursocholate | 2.19 | 0.0194 | 0.0850 | 100,831 ± 15,843 | 368,247 ± 132,692 | 33 | 88 | |
| Ursodeoxycholate | HMDB00946 | 0.18 | 0.0604 | 0.1890 | 2.29 ± 2.05E+07 | 1.23 ± 0.87E+07 | 100 | 88 |
| Others | ||||||||
| N-Methylpipecolate | 1.13 | 0.3704 | 0.6096 | 472,305 ± 136,660 539,118 ± 64,132 | 100 | 100 | ||
| 3-Hydroxypyridine sulfate | 3.57 | 0.0006 | 0.0076 | 40,012 ± 24,268 | 86,737 ± 44,427 | 33 | 100 | |
N = 9 control and N-8 alcohol-exposed dams; p-value by Mann–Whitney U-test; q-value by Benjamini–Hochberg FDR correction. Relative Abundance presents median ± median absolute deviation (MAD).
Alc Alcohol-treated, Cont control, F-C fold-change.