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. 2021 Jan 8;11:157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79592-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative TEM images of pristine CNC (A,B) and fCNC (C,D) show linear molecular shapes for both the starting material and the product. The characteristic high aspect ratio and rigid linear shape of the starting material is preserved following the functionalization procedures. Analysis of pristine CNC particle length (E), diameter (F), and aspect ratio (G) shows a length of 195.7 ± 20.2 nm, diameter of 13.9 ± 1.16 nm, and aspect ratio of 15.2 ± 1.87 (mean ± SEM, n = 15). Analysis of fCNC particle length (H), diameter (I), and aspect ratio (J) shows a length of 162.4 ± 16.3 nm, diameter of 11.2 ± 1.52 nm, and aspect ratio of 16.4 ± 1.94 (mean ± SEM, n = 11).