Table 3.
Bivariate ideal cardiovascular health metrics
| ICVHg Metrics | Smoking Status |
BMIe Status | Physical Activity | Healthy Diet | Blood Pressure | Total Scoref | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Inter | Poor | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | |
| Continuous | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| Age | 46.98 (12.63) | 49.65 (10.79) | 49.98 (11.71) | 47.90 (11.44) | 48.31 (10.50) | 49.78 (11.20) | 48.19 (12.86) | 49.86 (6.84) | 49.09 (11.59) | 48.16 (11.74) | 46.47 (12.49) | 47.08 (11.97) | 51.47 (9.57) | 48.65 (11.56) |
| Correlation | −0.086 | |||||||||||||
| Pa | 0.048 | 0.126 | 0.589 | 0.750 | 0.012 | 0.125 | ||||||||
| Years of Education | 12.63 (2.46) | 11.48 (2.39) | 12.04 (2.79) | 11.84 (2.29) | 12.12 (2.13) | 11.94 (2.35) | 11.67 (2.89) | 11.43 (2.15) | 11.98 (2.63) | 11.86 (2.34) | 11.51 (2.87) | 12.00 (2.43) | 12.03 (2.28) | 11.91 (2.48) |
| Correlation | 0.093 | |||||||||||||
| Pb | P < 0.001 | 0.510 | 0.505 | 0.809 | 0.324 | 0.106 | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 39 (29.32) | 94 (70.68) | 40 (30.08) | 93 (69.92) | 42 (31.58) | 38 (28.57) | 53 (39.85) | 0 (0.00) | 57 (42.86) | 76 (57.14) | 31 (23.66) | 49 (37.40) | 51 (38.93) | 2.82 (1.43) |
| Male | 77 (42.78) | 103 (57.22) | 72 (40.00) | 108 (60.00) | 76 (42.22) | 44 (24.44) | 60 (33.33) | 7 (3.89) | 96 (53.33) | 77 (42.78) | 41 (23.03) | 70 (39.33) | 67 (37.64) | 3.38 (1.48) |
| Pc | 0.015 | 0.070 | 0.158 | 0.006 | 0.943 | P < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||||
| Minority | 96 (37.65) | 159 (62.35) | 84 (32.94) | 171 (67.06) | 96 (37.65) | 65 (25.49) | 94 (36.86) | 7 (2.75) | 123 (48.24) | 125 (49.02) | 54 (21.51) | 89 (35.46) | 108 (43.03) | 3.05 (1.49) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 21 (36.48) | 36 (63.16) | 28 (49.12) | 29 (50.88) | 22 (38.60) | 16 (28.07) | 19 (33.33) | 0 (0.00) | 29 (50.88) | 28 (49.12) | 18 (31.58) | 29 (50.88) | 10 (17.54) | 3.56 (1.44) |
| Pd | 0.910 | 0.021 | 0.865 | 0.615 | 0.002 | 0.018 | ||||||||
| Employment Status | ||||||||||||||
| Employed | 13 (40.62) | 19 (59.38) | 13 (40.62) | 19 (59.38) | 12 (37.50) | 11 (34.38) | 9 (28.12) | 0 (0.00) | 12 (37.50) | 20 (62.50) | 9 (28.12) | 13 (40.62) | 10 (31.25) | 3.25 (1.67) |
| Unemployed | 103 (36.65) | 178 (63.35) | 99 (35.23) | 182 (64.77) | 106 (37.72) | 72 (25.62) | 103 (36.65) | 7 (2.49) | 141 (50.18) | 133 (47.33) | 64 (23.10) | 106 (38.27) | 107 (38.63) | 3.14 (1.47) |
| Pb | 0.659 | 0.546 | 0.493 | 0.213 | 0.648 | 0.686 | ||||||||
| Mental health | Inter | Poor | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | M (SD) | |
| Depression | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 89 (37.71) | 147 (62.29) | 85 (36.02) | 151 (63.98) | 98 (41.53) | 62 (26.27) | 76 (32.20) | 6 (2.54) | 110 (46.61) | 120 (50.85) | 55 (23.61) | 89 (38.20) | 89 (38.20) | 3.21 (1.50) |
| No | 26 (34.67) | 49 (65.33) | 27 (36.00) | 48 (64.00) | 19 (25.33) | 21 (28.00) | 35 (46.67) | 1 (1.33) | 42 (56.00) | 32 (42.67) | 18 (24.32) | 28 (37.84) | 28 (37.84) | 2.97 (1.45) |
| Pa | 0.634 | 0.998 | 0.025 | 0.337 | 0.992 | 0.242 | ||||||||
| Schizophrenia / schizoaffective disorder | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 61 (34.27) | 117 (65.73) | 67 (37.64) | 111 (62.36) | 53 (29.78) | 51 (28.65) | 74 (41.57) | 4 (2.25) | 93 (52.25) | 81 (45.51) | 48 (27.27) | 63 (35.80) | 65 (36.93) | 3.06 (1.40) |
| No | 56 (42.11) | 77 (57.89) | 44 (33.08) | 89 (66.92) | 63 (47.37) | 32 (24.06) | 38 (28.57) | 3 (2.26) | 59 (44.36) | 71 (53.38) | 25 (19.08) | 55 (41.98) | 51 (38.93) | 3.27 (1.61) |
| Pa | 0.158 | 0.407 | 0.005 | 0.380 | 0.229 | 0.378 | ||||||||
| Bipolar disorder | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 51 (34.93) | 95 (65.07) | 50 (34.25) | 96 (65.75) | 64 (43.84) | 33 (22.60) | 49 (33.56) | 1 (0.68) | 75 (51.37) | 70 (47.95) | 34 (23.78) | 56 (39.16) | 53 (37.06) | 3.22 (1.45) |
| No | 66 (40.00) | 99 (60.00) | 61 (36.97) | 104 (63.03) | 52 (31.52) | 50 (30.30) | 63 (38.18) | 6 (3.64) | 77 (46.67) | 82 (49.70) | 39 (23.78) | 62 (37.80) | 63 (38.41) | 3.09 (1.53) |
| Pa | 0.357 | 0.617 | 0.070 | 0.183 | 0.964 | 0.464 | ||||||||
| Substance abuse | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 31 (25.62) | 90 (74.38) | 45 (37.19) | 76 (62.81) | 53 (43.80) | 30 (24.79) | 38 (31.40) | 3 (2.48) | 54 (44.63) | 64 (52.89) | 28 (23.14) | 46 (38.02) | 47 (38.84) | 3.09 (1.40) |
| No | 86 (45.03) | 105 (54.97) | 66 (34.55) | 125 (65.45) | 64 (33.51) | 53 (27.75) | 74 (38.74) | 4 (2.09) | 99 (51.83) | 88 (46.07) | 45 (24.06) | 72 (38.50) | 70 (37.43) | 3.19 (1.55) |
| Pb | 0.001 | 0.636 | 0.178 | 0.452 | 0.966 | 0.581 | ||||||||
| Antipsychotic usagee | ||||||||||||||
| Not taking an antipsychotic |
47 (40.17) | 70 (59.83) | 48 (41.03) | 69 (58.97) | 58 (49.57) | 32 (27.35) | 27 (23.08) | 2 (1.71) | 62 (52.99) | 53 (45.30) | 24 (20.69) | 45 (38.79) | 47 (40.52) | 3.44 (1.46) |
| 1st Gen | 9 (22.50) | 31 (77.50) | 15 (37.50) | 25 (62.50) | 6 (15.00) | 18 (45.00) | 16 (40.00) | 2 (5.00) | 19 (47.50) | 19 (47.50) | 7 (17.95) | 14 (35.90) | 18 (46.15) | 2.62 (1.37) |
| 2nd Gen / or both |
61 (38.85) | 96 (61.15) | 50 (31.85) | 107 (68.15) | 54 (34.39) | 33 (21.02) | 70 (44.59) | 3 (1.91) | 73 (46.50) | 81 (51.59) | 42 (27.10) | 60 (38.71) | 53 (34.19) | 3.06 (1.49) |
| Pc | 0.115 | 0.287 | P < 0.001 | 0.546 | 0.511 | 0.006 | ||||||||
| Physical health variables | Inter | Poor | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | Ideal | Inter | Poor | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | M (SD) | |
| High cholesterol | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 40 (35.09) | 74 (64.91) | 31 (27.19) | 83 (72.81) | 36 (31.58) | 34 (29.82) | 44 (38.60) | 2 (1.75) | 63 (55.26) | 49 (42.98) | 26 (23.01) | 50 (44.25) | 37 (32.74) | 3.06 (1.39) |
| No | 73 (37.63) | 121 (62.37) | 81 (41.75) | 113 (58.25) | 78 (40.21) | 47 (24.23) | 69 (35.57) | 5 (2.58) | 90 (46.39) | 99 (51.03) | 47 (24.48) | 66 (34.38) | 79 (41.15) | 3.20 (1.56) |
| Pa | 0.655 | 0.010 | 0.290 | 0.314 | 0.201 | 0.444 | ||||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 41 (40.20) | 61 (59.80) | 26 (25.49) | 76 (74.51) | 31 (30.39) | 29 (28.43) | 42 (41.18) | 2 (1.96) | 61 (59.80) | 39 (38.24) | 25 (25.00) | 32 (32.00) | 43 (43.00) | 3.02 (1.50) |
| No | 75 (35.71) | 135 (64.29) | 86 (40.95) | 124 (59.05) | 87 (41.43) | 53 (25.24) | 70 (33.33) | 5 (2.38) | 92 (43.81) | 113 (53.81) | 48 (23.08) | 87 (41.83) | 73 (35.10) | 3.22 (1.48) |
| Pb | 0.442 | 0.008 | 0.161 | 0.024 | 0.233 | 0.267 | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 19 (35.19) | 35 (64.81) | 19 (35.19) | 35 (64.81) | 22 (40.74) | 15 (27.78) | 17 (31.48) | 1 (1.85) | 24 (44.44) | 29 (53.70) | 11 (20.37) | 24 (44.44) | 19 (35.19) | 3.13 (1.36) |
| No | 95 (37.11) | 161 (62.89) | 92 (35.94) | 164 (64.06) | 94 (36.72) | 67 (26.17) | 95 (37.11) | 6 (2.34) | 127 (49.61) | 123 (48.05) | 61 (24.21) | 92 (36.51) | 99 (39.29) | 3.13 (1.52) |
| Pa | 0.790 | 0.917 | 0.731 | 0.747 | 0.546 | 0.995 | ||||||||
| Cancer | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 3 (21.43) | 11 (78.57) | 9 (64.29) | 5 (35.71) | 5 (35.71) | 5 (35.71) | 4 (28.57) | 1 (7.14) | 8 (57.14) | 5 (35.71) | 3 (21.43) | 7 (50.00) | 4 (28.57) | 3.57 (1.50) |
| No | 114 (38.13) | 185 (61.87) | 103 (34.45) | 196 (65.55) | 112 (37.46) | 78 (26.09) | 109 (36.45) | 6 (2.01) | 146 (48.83) | 147 (49.16) | 70 (23.73) | 112 (37.97) | 113 (38.31) | 3.13 (1.49) |
| Pc | 0.207 | 0.023 | 0.702 | 0.211 | 0.694 | 0.278 | ||||||||
| Continuous | ||||||||||||||
| Number of physical health conditions | 3.41 (2.23) | 3.81 (2.50) | 3.61 (2.49) | 3.69 (2.36) | 3.78 (2.25) | 3.76 (2.55) | 3.46 (2.46) | 3.43 (2.88) | 3.80 (2.28) | 3.53 (2.51) | 3.45 (2.49) | 3.50 (2.28) | 3.95 (2.46) | 3.66 (2.41) |
| Correlation | −0.027 | |||||||||||||
| Pd | 0.158 | 0.789 | 0.434 | 0.398 | 0.640 | 0.640 | ||||||||
| CRFg | 317.83 (91.30) | 318.77 (100.27) | 345.61 (99.85) | 303.27 (91.98) | 319.42 (92.02) | 333.18 (99.93) | 306.66 (98.85) | 337.35 (99.97) | 325.32 (102.91) | 310.65 (90.28) | 326.96 (88.26) | 322.49 (102.37) | 310.53 (95.39) | 318.42 (96.87) |
| Correlation | 0.154 | |||||||||||||
| Pd | 0.934 | P < 0.001 | 0.167 | 0.364 | 0.461 | 0.007 | ||||||||
|
Internal Health Locus of Controle |
28.51(5.32) | 28.78 (4.42) | 28.49 (4.80) | 28.79 (4.76) | 28.98 (4.82) | 28.34 (4.77) | 28.62 (4.75) | 26.29 (5.28) | 29.02 (4.67) | 28.45 (4.84) | 28.55 (4.56) | 28.75 (4.96) | 28.77 (4.75) | 28.68 (4.77) |
| Correlation | 0.007 | |||||||||||||
| Pd | 0.646 | 0.595 | 0.639 | 0.239 | 0.950 | 0.907 | ||||||||
a
P values were calculated using Student’s t-test for variables smoking and BMI; analysis of variance (ANOVA) for physical activity and healthy diet status; Kruskal-Wallis for blood pressure; Pearson correlation for ideal CVH total score.
b
P values were calculated using Student’s t-test for variables smoking and BMI; Kruskal-Wallis for physical activity; analysis of variance (ANOVA) for healthy diet status and blood pressure; Pearson correlation for ideal CVH total score.
c
P values were calculated using Chi-square tests for variables smoking, BMI, physical activity, healthy diet status, and blood pressure; Pearson correlation for ideal CVH total score.
d
P values were calculated using Chi-square tests for variables smoking, BMI, physical activity, and blood pressure; Fisher Exact for healthy diet status; Pearson correlation for ideal CVH total score.
e
body mass index [BMI, kg/m2].
f
Scores from each ICVH metric were summed to create a composite ICVH score that ranges from 0 to 8, with higher scores indicating better cardiovascular health.
g
Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with the 6-minute walking test (meters).
h
Scores from each ICVH metric were summed to create a composite ICVH score that ranges from 0 to 8, with higher scores indicating better cardiovascular health.
i
ideal cardiovascular health