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. 2021 Jan 8;12:147. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20433-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, b Photo images of the large-area perovskite films fabricated by doctor-blading (a) and spin-coating (b). The film area is 6 × 9 cm². The volume and concentration of the precursor solution needed to prepare the films are also marked in the images. c Schematics of the large-area film divided to 1 × 1 cm² pieces. Each pieces are marked as A_xy (x, y = 1, 2, 3 …). d, e Thickness mapping of the large-area films fabricated by doctor-blading (d) and spin-coating (e). The thicknesses of each small-area films (56 films in total) are measured separately. The three-dimensional figures are plotted by spatial interpolation. f, g AFM images of the large-area films fabricated by doctor-blading (f) and spin-coating (g). The number of small-area films and roughness are marked in the images. All scale bars are 5 µm.