Table 2.
Summary of the study characteristics and results of meta-analysis of clinical and laboratory variables.
| Clinical and laboratory variables | Studies in which each variable was evaluated (n) | Number of patients | Percentage of patients | P-value for test (ES = 0) | I2 (%) | P-value for heterogeneity test | P-value for Egger test | Trim and fill results (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry cough | 28 | 317 | 0.37 (0.29, 0.46) | < 0.001 | 77 | < 0.001 | 0.353 | – |
| Sputum production | 5 | 10 | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.011 | 23.2 | 0.267 | 0.132 | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) |
| Diarrhea | 11 | 63 | 0.19 (0.09, 0.28) | < 0.001 | 85.1 | < 0.001 | 0.378 | 0.12 (0.01, 0.23) |
| Rhinorrhea | 8 | 45 | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15) | < 0.001 | 9 | 0.360 | 0.116 | – |
| Pharyngalgia | 10 | 86 | 0.13 (0.05, 0.20) | 0.001 | 72.6 | < 0.001 | 0.767 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.19) |
| Vomiting | 14 | 60 | 0.11 (0.06, 0.16) | < 0.001 | 56.2 | 0.005 | 0.023 | – |
| Dyspnea | 10 | 66 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.18) | 0.001 | 74.7 | < 0.001 | 0.147 | – |
| Fever | 31 | 375 | 0.46 (0.40, 0.53) | < 0.001 | 60.1 | < 0.001 | 0.655 | – |
| Nasal congestion | 3 | 7 | 0.12 (−0.01, 0.26) | 0.071 | 56 | 0.103 | 0.082 | – |
| Abdominal pain | 4 | 21 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.738 | 0.065 | – |
| Fatigue | 9 | 89 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.18) | 0.002 | 73 | 0.001 | 0.393 | – |
| Headache | 9 | 95 | 0.11 (0.03, 0.20) | 0.011 | 87.7 | < 0.001 | 0.755 | – |
| Runny nose | 7 | 11 | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | < 0.001 | 7.7 | 0.370 | 0.053 | – |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||||
| RT-PCR test+ | 10 | 117 | 0.43 (0.33, 0.53) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.588 | 0.297 | – |
| Leukopenia | 11 | 66 | 0.22 (0.12, 0.32) | < 0.001 | 70 | < 0.001 | 0.294 | – |
| Leukocytosis | 15 | 49 | 0.23 (0.13, 0.33) | < 0.001 | 62.6 | 0.001 | 0.024 | – |
| Lymphopenia | 14 | 57 | 0.21 (0.13, 0.28) | < 0.001 | 51.5 | 0.016 | 0.012 | – |
| Neutropenia | 8 | 19 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.005 | 21.7 | 0.270 | 0.017 | – |
| Platelet decrease | 4 | 12 | 0.15 (0.02, 0.29) | 0.029 | 56.5 | 0.075 | 0.315 | – |
| Procalcitonin | 9 | 41 | 0.24 (0.09, 0.39) | < 0.001 | 91.8 | < 0.001 | 0.040 | – |
| D-dimer | 8 | 25 | 0.35 (0.15, 0.55) | 0.001 | 80.8 | < 0.001 | 0.883 | – |
| Creatine kinase | 8 | 16 | 0.12 (0.07, 0.17) | < 0.001 | 43.7 | 0.087 | 0.204 | 0.07 (0.03, 0.12) |
| Creatine kinase MB | 8 | 40 | 0.30 (0.17, 0.43) | < 0.001 | 70.8 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.16 (0.02, 0.29) |
| Oxygen saturation | 3 | 20 | 0.38 (0.25, 0.51) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.468 | 0.768 | |
| CRP | 15 | 51 | 0.15 (0.09, 0.22) | < 0.001 | 60.9 | 0.002 | 0.001 | – |
| LDH | 8 | 45 | 0.30 (0.16, 0.43) | < 0.001 | 70.8 | 0.001 | 0.081 | 0.14 (−0.01, 0.29) |
| ESR | 8 | 90 | 0.29 (0.23, 0.35) | < 0.001 | 20.7 | 0.271 | 0.847 | – |
| AST | 8 | 23 | 0.20 (0.13, 0.26) | < 0.001 | 21.7 | 0.257 | 0.365 | 0.15 (0.06, 0.25) |
| ALT | 11 | 38 | 0.21 (0.13, 0.29) | < 0.001 | 50.6 | 0.027 | 0.017 | 0.10 (0.02, 0.19) |
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase: RT-PCR: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; CI: confidence interval.