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. 2021 Jan 8;11:62. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79660-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Survival of individually tracked larvae. Individually marked brood cells were tracked from the first larval stage (day 4–5 after egg laying) to emergence. (A) The percentage of brood surviving from week 1 to week 4 (survival phase A). Colonies exposed to clothianidin showed a reduced brood survival. Clothianidin exposure significantly affects brood survival (exposure-by-time interaction in mixed-effects ANOVA, P = 0.0293). One-sided tests for post hoc Dunnett contrasts yielded no significant P values in week 2, but in week 3 all clothianidin treatments showed significant differences (control vs. 1 µg/L, P = 0.0414; control vs. 10 µg/L, P = 0.0241; control vs. 100 µg/L, P = 0.0418). (B) The percentage of brood surviving from week 4 to week 7 (survival phase B). Clothianidin exposure reduced the number of surviving brood (exposure-by-time interaction in mixed effects ANOVA, P = 0.03776). One-sided tests for post hoc Dunnett contrasts in weeks 5 and 6: each clothianidin treatment has a significantly lower brood survival than the control group (P < 0.0001 in all cases). Technical details of the analysis are provided in the supplementary statistical report, “Brood survival” section.