Figure 6.

Colony sizes decline with increasing concentrations of clothianidin in simulated full-sized colonies. To estimate the potential impact of clothianidin exposure on standard-sized colonies, a BEEHAVE simulation was conducted under default settings but with less protein in the jelly (ProteinFactorNurses) as defined by ProteinNursesModifier_Exposed, with values set according to the results of the previous set of simulations (Table 2⁴⁶). Colony sizes (mean number of worker bees) at the end of the year decreased with increasing concentrations of clothianidin, particularly when swarming was prevented (dark grey). When swarming was allowed (light grey), the control group produced 1.2 swarms in the first year. For the 1 and 10 µg/L treatment groups, each colony released a single swarm during the first year. No swarms at all were produced in the 100 µg/L group.