Table 2.
Laboratory results from all COVID-19 hospitalised patients at admission by registered sex, stratified on all admitted patients, patients admitted to an ICU, and non-survivors. Only the first contact contributed. Multiple laboratory systems are used in the Danish healthcare system to analyse biochemical samples. These systems may be used with model adapted reference ranges. In this table the reference ranges are medians of all the reporting laboratories and as a result the reference ranges are only intended as interpretation assistance. Groups with less than five patients are presented as < 5. P-values< 0.05 are bold
| Laboratory parameters (unit) | Median reference interval | Baseline biochemistry for all admitted patients | Baseline biochemistry for patients later admitted to an ICU | Baseline biochemistry for non-survivors in the follow-up period | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male n = 1315 | Female n = 1116 | Male n = 212 | Female n = 84 | Male n = 244 | Female n = 161 | |||||||||||
| n (%) | median (ICR) | n (%) | median (ICR) | p-value | n (%) | median (ICR) | n (%) | median (ICR) | p-value | n (%) | median (ICR) | n (%) | median (ICR) | p-value | ||
| Acute phase reactants | ||||||||||||||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | < 7 | 960 (73) | 73.25 (35.50–130.00) | 813 (73) | 50.00 (21.10–99.50) | < 0.001 | 200 (79) | 120.67 (64.13–190.00) | 71 (67) | 78.67 (39.00–127.08) | 0.0025 | 235 (85) | 94.00 (49.75–154.00) | 157 (88) | 74.50 (40.00–130.00) | 0.13 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 15–245 | 320 (24) | 730.50 (332.21–1426.50) | 269 (24) | 284.67 (137.50–577.00) | < 0.001 | 66 (26) | 1160.00 (622.38–1990.00) | 20 (19) | 646.00 (372.63–1137.25) | 0.011 | 70 (25) | 710.00 (314.50–1474.50) | 44 (25) | 329.00 (161.13–709.25) | 0.015 |
| Procalcitonin (μg/L) | < 0.30 | 200 (15) | 0.20 (0.09–0.60) | 141 (13) | 0.08 (0.05–0.22) | 0.16 | 62 (25) | 0.46 (0.20–1.35) | 17 (16) | 0.23 (0.14–0.62) | 0.18 | 40 (14) | 0.58 (0.17–1.41) | 19 (11) | 0.16 (0.10–0.35) | 0.010 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm) | 2.0–17.5 | < 5 | 6 (1) | 38.50 (16.25–55.50) | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | ||||||||
| Haptoglobin (g/L) | 0.35–2.05 | 9 (1) | 2.83 (1.69–3.50) | 13 (1) | 1.84 (1.59–4.02) | 0.97 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | ||||||
| Haematology | ||||||||||||||||
| Haemoglobin (mmol/L) | 6.60–9.65 | 955 (73) | 8.32 (7.45–9.05) | 815 (73) | 7.83 (7.10–8.40) | < 0.001 | 202 (80) | 8.30 (7.65–9.06) | 73 (69) | 7.74 (6.88–8.40) | < 0.001 | 230 (83) | 7.90 (6.70–8.73) | 154 (87) | 7.69 (6.58–8.26) | 0.16 |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 4.45–13.30 | 959 (73) | 6.65 (5.05–9.06) | 810 (73) | 6.14 (4.60–8.60) | 0.28 | 201 (79) | 7.30 (5.30–10.20) | 71 (67) | 6.30 (4.63–8.43) | 0.12 | 233 (84) | 7.05 (5.35–9.90) | 157 (88) | 7.75 (5.30–10.70) | 0.58 |
| Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) | 1.20–4.00 | 870 (66) | 0.92 (0.70–1.30) | 753 (67) | 1.05 (0.75–1.41) | 0.029 | 179 (71) | 0.83 (0.61–1.10) | 65 (61) | 0.84 (0.60–1.13) | 0.89 | 209 (75) | 0.80 (0.60–1.13) | 139 (78) | 0.90 (0.63–1.30) | 0.67 |
| Neutrophil count (× 109/L) | 1.60–7.10 | 701 (53) | 4.90 (3.50–7.25) | 579 (52) | 4.50 (2.95–6.55) | 0.13 | 139 (55) | 5.96 (4.20–8.53) | 51 (48) | 5.30 (3.57–7.10) | 0.084 | 165 (60) | 5.45 (3.75–8.17) | 112 (63) | 6.60 (3.98–8.63) | 0.40 |
| Monocyte count (× 109/L) | 0.20–1.20 | 870 (66) | 0.50 (0.30–0.70) | 753 (67) | 0.50 (0.30–0.70) | 0.59 | 179 (71) | 0.40 (0.25–0.56) | 65 (61) | 0.40 (0.23–0.60) | 0.72 | 209 (75) | 0.45 (0.30–0.70) | 139 (78) | 0.50 (0.31–0.80) | 0.11 |
| Basophil count (× 109/L) | 0.00–0.20 | 870 (66) | 0.00 (0.00–0.05) | 753 (67) | 0.00 (0.00–0.05) | 0.96 | 179 (71) | 0.00 (0.00–0.05) | 65 (61) | 0.00 (0.00–0.05) | 0.46 | 209 (75) | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 139 (78) | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.71 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) | 145–555 | 932 (71) | 198.00 (153.00–250.13) | 802 (72) | 217.50 (171.00–290.75) | < 0.001 | 199 (79) | 200.00 (152.25–263.33) | 73 (69) | 197.50 (150.50–270.50) | 0.47 | 225 (81) | 189.00 (140.00–242.00) | 154 (87) | 217.75 (159.13–299.75) | 0.0029 |
| Organ-specific markers | ||||||||||||||||
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 8–45 | 889 (68) | 32.00 (22.00–52.00) | 754 (68) | 24.50 (17.50–39.00) | 0.044 | 188 (74) | 37.50 (26.00–66.25) | 67 (63) | 26.00 (20.00–39.58) | 0.59 | 214 (77) | 29.50 (19.25–47.63) | 139 (78) | 22.00 (16.00–33.00) | 0.92 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 15–40 | 39 (3) | 46.00 (30.00–69.25) | 31 (3) | 32.00 (24.00–49.50) | 0.94 | 18 (7) | 61.75 (43.00–74.50) | < 5 | 6 (2) | 50.50 (27.50–82.50) | < 5 | ||||
| Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 3.40–21.50 | 891 (68) | 9.25 (7.00–13.00) | 759 (68) | 7.00 (5.00–10.00) | < 0.001 | 188 (74) | 9.90 (7.00–13.50) | 67 (63) | 7.60 (6.40–11.00) | 0.58 | 218 (79) | 9.55 (6.57–13.00) | 140 (79) | 7.83 (5.00–10.13) | 0.99 |
| Amylase (U/L) | 25–112.5 | 447 (34) | 60.00 (42.75–82.00) | 382 (34) | 56.00 (41.00–78.00) | 0.10 | 96 (38) | 54.75 (41.00–79.13) | 36 (34) | 55.00 (36.13–96.88) | 0.39 | 120 (43) | 66.33 (43.00–93.00) | 69 (39) | 61.00 (40.00–88.00) | 0.39 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 50–284 | 838 (64) | 68.58 (55.00–94.00) | 718 (64) | 76.00 (59.00–97.00) | 0.54 | 171 (68) | 67.00 (52.00–96.00) | 57 (54) | 66.00 (52.00–110.00) | 0.84 | 208 (75) | 74.00 (57.00–115.50) | 134 (75) | 88.50 (67.00–111.50) | 0.29 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 138–271 | 817 (62) | 288.50 (217.00–382.00) | 689 (62) | 247.00 (198.50–330.00) | < 0.001 | 166 (66) | 400.00 (306.75–548.42) | 62 (58) | 336.67 (231.38–528.13) | 0.16 | 198 (71) | 302.50 (231.63–436.25) | 123 (69) | 270.00 (224.50–380.00) | 0.010 |
| Troponin I (ng/L) | < 45 | 86 (7) | 19.25 (11.03–39.00) | 78 (7) | 14.68 (7.10–44.08) | 0.31 | 24 (9) | 31.00 (13.68–60.38) | 12 (11) | 25.40 (13.69–68.75) | 0.97 | 12 (4) | 31.60 (11.95–58.25) | 15 (8) | 50.00 (34.00–135.50) | 0.14 |
| Creatine kinase [muscle brain] (μg/L) | 0.00–5.50 | 61 (5) | 1.10 (1.00–2.80) | 48 (4) | 1.00 (1.00–2.00) | 0.94 | 13 (5) | 2.30 (1.30–3.00) | 6 (6) | 1.00 (1.00–1.23) | 0.23 | 11 (4) | 3.00 (1.55–7.85) | 11 (6) | 2.00 (1.00–4.30) | 0.68 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 40–260 | 151 (11) | 150.00 (84.75–463.00) | 93 (8) | 80.00 (48.00–160.00) | < 0.001 | 31 (12) | 257.00 (133.00–854.00) | 5 (5) | 126.00 (38.00–144.50) | 0.039 | 32 (12) | 220.00 (99.63–744.50) | 17 (10) | 84.00 (32.50–127.00) | 0.0044 |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (10−3 IU/L) | 0.55–4.65 | 190 (14) | 1.10 (0.70–1.74) | 174 (16) | 1.30 (0.71–2.12) | 0.80 | 33 (13) | 1.03 (0.43–1.53) | 17 (16) | 0.93 (0.66–1.66) | 0.56 | 42 (15) | 1.05 (0.69–1.92) | 31 (17) | 1.50 (0.80–1.90) | 0.43 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 36.50–62.00 | 783 (60) | 92.50 (77.00–120.00) | 706 (63) | 68.88 (57.00–88.00) | < 0.001 | 158 (62) | 99.75 (82.38–125.00) | 62 (58) | 82.50 (65.63–113.25) | 0.28 | 204 (74) | 112.00 (89.25–157.50) | 144 (81) | 80.75 (65.50–124.08) | < 0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (estimated) (mL/min) | > 59.50 | 956 (73) | 72.00 (51.00–88.00) | 809 (72) | 77.00 (55.00–90.00) | 0.0094 | 201 (79) | 67.50 (52.50–85.50) | 72 (68) | 64.25 (51.25–82.75) | 0.34 | 235 (85) | 52.50 (35.17–71.25) | 157 (88) | 59.00 (36.00–76.00) | 0.32 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 2.60–7.50 | 844 (64) | 6.93 (5.00–10.26) | 715 (64) | 5.70 (3.80–8.80) | < 0.001 | 178 (70) | 7.80 (6.15–11.38) | 67 (63) | 7.10 (4.92–10.68) | 0.92 | 209 (75) | 10.40 (7.60–15.00) | 134 (75) | 9.05 (6.03–15.04) | 0.53 |
| Transferrin (μg/L) | 25.00–43.00 | 37 (3) | 21.48 (17.34–23.87) | 42 (4) | 24.18 (19.72–28.11) | 0.034 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | 7 (4) | 17.71 (16.04–26.88) | |||||
| Coagulation | ||||||||||||||||
| D-dimer (U/L) | < 0.65 | 345 (26) | 1.10 (0.61–2.00) | 245 (22) | 0.71 (0.43–1.58) | 0.043 | 83 (33) | 1.40 (0.88–2.31) | 22 (21) | 0.82 (0.55–1.08) | 0.011 | 70 (25) | 1.74 (0.84–3.48) | 40 (22) | 1.38 (0.55–3.80) | 0.85 |
| International normalized ratio (INR) | 0.80–1.20 | 888 (68) | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 754 (68) | 1.00 (1.00–1.10) | < 0.001 | 187 (74) | 1.05 (1.00–1.15) | 66 (62) | 1.02 (1.00–1.10) | 0.32 | 217 (78) | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 141 (79) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.062 |
| Coagulation. tissue factor-induced | 0.65–1.30 | 265 (20) | 0.93 (0.79–1.06) | 207 (19) | 0.99 (0.85–1.17) | < 0.001 | 53 (21) | 1.01 (0.87–1.11) | 22 (21) | 0.89 (0.83–1.06) | 0.30 | 66 (24) | 0.93 (0.80–1.10) | 39 (22) | 0.91 (0.84–1.14) | 0.48 |
| Partial thromboplastin time (s) | 25.00–38.00 | 136 (10) | 32.00 (24.50–38.25) | 105 (9) | 29.00 (24.50–35.00) | 0.12 | 35 (14) | 34.00 (27.00–37.00) | 9 (8) | 32.00 (25.00–33.00) | 0.18 | 29 (10) | 31.00 (26.00–36.00) | 23 (13) | 29.00 (27.00–38.50) | 0.81 |
| Fibrinogen (μmol/L) | 5.40–10.90 | 60 (5) | 15.50 (12.20–20.20) | 49 (4) | 13.30 (10.80–15.30) | 0.0064 | 16 (6) | 19.50 (15.02–21.93) | < 5 | 11 (4) | 13.00 (11.30–16.95) | 8 (4) | 11.80 (9.85–14.55) | 0.24 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte balance | ||||||||||||||||
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 136–145 | 953 (72) | 137.00 (134.67–139.50) | 812 (73) | 138.00 (135.25–140.00) | 0.026 | 200 (79) | 137.00 (134.00–139.04) | 72 (68) | 137.25 (134.30–139.00) | 0.82 | 231 (83) | 138.50 (135.00–142.00) | 155 (87) | 139.00 (135.50–142.00) | 0.56 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.35–5.10 | 951 (72) | 3.85 (3.56–4.10) | 809 (72) | 3.70 (3.50–4.00) | 0.0019 | 200 (79) | 3.85 (3.50–4.11) | 72 (68) | 3.79 (3.40–4.16) | 1.00 | 230 (83) | 3.93 (3.56–4.30) | 154 (87) | 3.90 (3.55–4.20) | 0.73 |
| Calcium ion (mmol/L) | 1.18–1.37 | 481 (37) | 1.17 (1.13–1.20) | 385 (34) | 1.19 (1.15–1.23) | < 0.001 | 103 (41) | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) | 42 (40) | 1.15 (1.12–1.20) | 0.063 | 129 (47) | 1.16 (1.11–1.19) | 88 (49) | 1.18 (1.14–1.23) | 0.0072 |
| Metabolism | ||||||||||||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 2.90–7.80 | 748 (57) | 7.00 (6.10–8.43) | 657 (59) | 6.53 (5.80–7.80) | < 0.001 | 156 (62) | 7.50 (6.50–9.91) | 56 (53) | 7.48 (6.47–9.62) | 0.74 | 187 (68) | 7.25 (6.30–9.05) | 124 (70) | 6.80 (5.79–8.80) | 0.036 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 5.40–7.50 | 167 (13) | 41 (36.5–50) | 165 (15) | 39 (36–45) | 0.10 | 29 (11) | 41.5 (37–64) | 14 (13) | 41 (36–54) | 0.62 | 38 (14) | 42 (36–48) | 29 (16) | 38 (34–42) | 0.21 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.49–2.30 | 116 (9) | 1.21 (0.91–1.62) | 93 (8) | 1.36 (1.05–1.88) | 0.14 | 26 (10) | 1.53 (1.20–2.00) | 5 (5) | 1.52 (1.36–1.54) | 0.26 | 31 (11) | 1.21 (0.99–1.58) | 15 (8) | 1.67 (1.15–2.39) | 0.17 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 35–47 | 928 (71) | 31.00 (27.00–34.50) | 783 (70) | 31.00 (27.50–35.00) | 0.22 | 194 (77) | 29.17 (25.50–33.38) | 70 (66) | 29.17 (26.00–33.00) | 0.64 | 228 (82) | 29.00 (25.00–33.00) | 147 (83) | 29.50 (24.75–32.50) | 0.92 |