Table 1.
Study Characteristics
| Author | Design | Country | Participants | Selection method | Measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ahmed et al., (2020) [21] | Cross-sectional | Global (30 countries) | n = 650 | Online questionnaire distributed via email and social media to dental professionals worldwide. | Validated questionnaire: 22 closed-ended questions divided into two sections. (Fear & Clinical practices) |
| 2 | Balakumar et al., (2020) [22] | Uncontrolled before and after study. | UK | n = 27 (Surgeons) | Pre- and post-training surveys distributed to a surgical team. | Pre- and post-training surveys |
| 3 | H.Cai et al., (2020) [24] | Cross-sectional | China Hunan | n = 534 (Frontline medical workers) | Questionnaires sent to frontline medical staff in Hunan province between January and March 2020. | Five-section questionnaire |
| 4 | W.Cai et al., (2020) [25] | Cross-sectional | China Jiangsu Province |
n = 1521 (147 experienced in public health emergencies (PHE)) |
Health care workers recruited but method unclear. |
SCL-90 CD-RISC SSRS |
| 5 | Cao et al., (2020) [55] | Mixed methods | China Beijing | n = 37 (16 Doctors, 19 Nurses, and 2 Technicians within a COVID-19 clinic) | Qualitative and Quantitative evaluations of staff in a fever clinic. Staff had been handpicked based on their ‘experience, adaptability and tenacity under pressure in past works’ | PHQ-9, MBI, Qualitative interviews |
| 6 | Chew et al., (2020) [27] | Cross- sectional | Singapore & India | n = 906 (480 HCW’s from a Singapore Hospital) | HCWs from 5 major hospitals invited to participated in a questionnaire between Feb 2019 – April 2020. | DASS-21, IES-R Symptom questionnaire |
| 7 | Chung & Yeung, (2020) [28] | Cross-sectional | China Hong Kong | n = 69 (HCWs: 69/8418 full-time hospital staff) | Online mental health self-assessment questionnaire distributed to all hospital staff in the Hong Kong East Cluster. | PHQ-9 |
| 8 | Huang & Zhao, (2020) [29] | Cross- sectional | China Nationwide | n = 603 (31.1% HCWs) | Web-based survey of general population, invited via social media, random recruitment – all Chinese people using WeChat may have seen it. | Web-based survey. PSQI, GAD, CES-D |
| 9 | Kang et al., (2020) [30] | Cross-sectional | China, Wuhan | n = 994 (Doctors and Nurses) | Questionnaire distributed online to doctors or nurses working in Wuhan. | PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, IES-R |
| 10 | Lai et al., (2020) [31] | Cross-sectional | China (Nationwide but 60% from Wuhan) | n = 1257 (Nurses and Doctors in 34 hospitals/fever clinics) | Hospital based survey via region-stratified 2-stage cluster sampling from Jan 292,020 – Feb 32,020. | PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, IES-R |
| 11 | Li et al., (2020) [32] | Cross-sectional | China, Wuhan | n = 740 (214 general population and 526 Nurses) | Mobile app-based questionnaire of general public and nurses in Wuhan. | Vicarious Trauma Questionnaire (Chinese version) |
| 12 | Liang, Chen, Zheng, & Li, (2020) [56] | Cross-sectional | China, Guangdong Province | n = 59 (23 Doctors and 36 Nurses from COVID-19 department and 21 HCWs from other departments) | Questionnaire distributed to medical staff in a hospital. Method of distribution unclear. | SDS, SAS |
| 13 | Lu, Wang, Lin & Li, (2020) [34] | Cross-sectional | China, Fujian | n = 2299 (2042 Medical and 257 admin staff) | Questionnaire survey of medical staff in a provincial hospital in Feb 2020. | NRS, HAMA, HAMD |
| 14 | Mo et al., (2020) [35] | Cross-sectional | China, Wuhan | n = 180 (Nurses from Guangxi supporting COVID-19 in Wuhan) | Convenient sampling of nurses from Guangxi recruited to support COVID-19 work in Wuhan. 85.71% response rate of 180 nurses sampled. | SO, SAS |
| 15 | Shacham et al., (2020) [36] | Cross- sectional | Israel | n = 338 (Dental hygienists and Dentists) | Dental hygienists and dentists, approached using social media, mailing lists and forums. | Demands Scale—Short Version, GSES, Kessler K6 |
| 16 | Sun et al., (2020) [37] | Qualitative | China, Henan (One hospital) | n = 20 (Nurses/17 Female) | Purposeful sampling of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in a hospital. Jan/Feb 2020. | Semi-structured interviews |
| 17 | Tan et al., (2020) [39] | Cross- sectional | Singapore (Two tertiary hospitals) | n = 470 (HCWs – medical and non-medical) | HCWs from two major tertiary hospitals in Singapore invited to participate, Feb/March 2020 | DASS-21, IES-R |
| 18 | Urooj et al., (2020) [40] | Mixed Method | Pakistan | n = 222 (134 without COVID-19 patients and 150 female) | Purposive sampling of 250 clinicians from a range of specialities and seniority. 222 responded (88.8%) | Doctors fears and expectations |
| 19 | Wang et al., (2020) [57] | Cross-sectional | China, Wuhan | n = 123 (HCWs in a Paediatric centre) | Questionnaire survey conducted at a paediatric centre in Wuhan. 50% of all HCWs responded & were included. | PSQI, SAS, SDS |
| 20 | Wu et al., (2020) [43] | Cross-sectional | China, Wuhan | n = 190 (Hubai cancer hospital – all from oncology 1:1 ratio frontline vs usual wards) | 220 physicians and nurses from Hubai cancer hospital invited in March 2020. 190 included. | MBI |
| 21 | Xiao et al., (2020) [44] | Cross-sectional | China, Wuhan | n = 180 (54% Nurses and 45.6% Doctors from a respiratory medicine/ fever clinic) | Unclear how participants were sampled. All were medical staff who treated COVID-19 patients in Jan/Feb 2020. | SAS, GSES, SASR, PSQI, SSRS |
| 22 | Xu, Xu, Wang & Wang, (2020) [58] | Longitudinal | China, Shanghai | n = 120 (Surgical staff. One hospital split into two groups of 60 Grp 1 – Jan-Feb (outbreak period) Grp 2 – March (non-outbreak) | Surgical medical staff sampled. | Anxiety scale, Depression score, Dream anxiety score, SF-36 scale |
| 23 | Yin & Zeng, (2020) [46] | Qualitative – in-depth interviews | China, Wuhan | n = 10 (Nurses at the front-line; having cared for COVID-19 patients > 1 week) | Purposive sampling | |
| 24 | Zhang et al., (2020) [47] | Cross -sectional | China, Nationwide | n = 2182 (927 Medical HCWs; 680 Doctors and 247 Nurses, 1255 non-medical HCWs) | Random sampling – anyone in China > 16 years were welcome to join using an online platform. |
ISI SCL-90-R PHQ-4 Chinese versions |
Measures Description
Depression: CES-D: Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire, SCL-20: Symptom checklist depression scale, SDS: Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
Anxiety: GAD-7: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, SAS: Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale
Stress: SOS: Stress Overload Scale
Depression & Anxiety: DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, PHQ-4: Patient Health Questionnaire-4
Sleep: PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index
Others: CD-RISC: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Demands Scale—Short Version, Dream anxiety score, GSES: Generalised self-efficacy scale, IES-R: Impact of Event Scale, Kessler K6 Distress Scale, MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory, SASR: the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction questionnaire, SCL-90: The Symptom Checklist-90-R, SF-36: Short Form Health Survey, SSRS: Social Support Rating Scale, Vicarious Trauma Questionnaire